Pharm - Vaping, Tobacco, Marijuana Flashcards
benefits of vaping compared to cigarettes
- less expensive
- tastes better
- less smell/stains on fingers
- less teeth staining
- sense of smell and taste improve
- social interactions increase
- less lung damage
describe the reward circuit leading to nicotine addiction
inhale nicotine –> nicotine acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in ventral tegmental area –> dopamine is sent to prefrontal cortex –> glutamine is then sent from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens
describe how nicotine can affect the adolescent brain
nicotine interferes with the maturity of the prefrontal cortex –> affects its neuroplasticity –> leads to alterations in:
- gene expression
- cell structure
- intracellular signaling
- synaptic pruning
- axon myelination
- memory and attention
what is synaptic pruning
removal of redundant connections
how does nicotine use in adolescence affect health later in life
can cause behavioral disturbances later in life such as substance abuse and mental health problems
what agent in e-cigarettes is most likely the reason for the lung illness outbreaks, and what does it cause
vitamin E acetate
- acute eosinophilic PNA
- organizing PNA
- lipoid PNA
- diffuse alveolar damage
- diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
- ARDS
- hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- giant cell interstitial pneumonitis
other than vitamin E acetate, what are the other likely reasons e-cigarettes caused a health crisis
- diacetal (butter flavor)
- contaminants (endotoxins, fungal glucan, formaldehyde)
- internet recipes
- chinese tariffs causing poor quality material use
- slow regulations
describe the endogenous cannabinoid system for the CB1 receptor
stimuli results in elevated intracellular Ca2+ –> endocannabinoids produced on demand in post-synaptic neurons –> activation of DAG-lipase –> synthesized endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-AG) diffuse into synaptic space –> bind to CB1 receptors on presynaptic neurons –> inhibits adenylyl cylase –> hyperpolarization and less neurotransmitter release –> termination of endocannabinoid actions
how are endocannabinoid actions terminated
the two endocannabinoids: anandamide and 2-AG
anandamide: broken down by fatty acid amid hydrolase (FAAH) found in post-synaptic cells
2-AG: degraded by MAG-lipase in pre-synaptic cells
MOA dronabinol
it is synthetic delta-9-THC that has affinity for both CB1 and CB2
indications dronabinol
- anorexia in AIDS patients
- chemotherapy induced N/V
off-label use: severe obstructive sleep apnea
effects of dronabinol
- analgesia
- appetite enhancement
- muscle relaxation
- hormonal actions
what is nabilone
THC capsule approved for chemotherapy induced N/V
adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids (dronabinol and nabilone)
- affects judgement and coordination
- sedation, bloodhost eyes, depression, dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, hallucinations, dry mouth
what conditions have evidence of cannabis efficiency
- chronic pain
- nausea/vomiting
- stimulating appetite
- MS
- anxiety
