Behavioral Science - Therapies Flashcards
define classical conditioning
learning is the association of things that take place together in time
the repeated pairing of a neutral (unconditioned stimulus) with one (conditioned stimulus) that evokes a response (unconditioned response) so that the neutral stimulus eventually come to evoke the same response (conditioned response)
define the unconditioned stimulus and response and the conditioned stimulus and response in the pavlov’s dog example
UCS: meat powder
UCR: salivation
CS: bell ringing
CR: salivation
unconditioned response and conditioned response are always the same
what is extinction and what is an example
extinguishing a learned response
extinguishing the response of pavlov’s dog to salivate at the ringing bell
- expose the dog to food without hearing the bell
- must be repeated many times
what is generalization and what is an example
when other similar stimuli/situations become the conditioned stimulus for the conditioned response
little albert generalizing the conditioned stimulus of the white rat –> becomes afraid of white rabbits, then white coats, then santa
describe how behavioral therapy for phobias work
pairing relaxation with a feared stimulus to induce calming
feared stimulus + relaxation –> decreased anxiety
feared stimulus –> relaxation
describe classical conditioning to treat phobias
relaxation activity (CS) + object of phobia (UCS) –> relaxation (UCR)
object of phobia (CS) –> relaxation (CR)
describe systematic desensitization
making a hierarchy of fears, starting low on the list, and using relaxation to condition it until there is much less anxiety/fear
define operant conditioning
learning is the association of things that take place sequentially
define positive reinforcement and give an example
adding something to increase a behavior
ex: giving candy to a kid so they keep cleaning their room
define positive punishment and give an example
adding something to decrease a behavior
ex: child kneels on rice to decrease lying
define negative punishment and give an example
removing something to decrease a behavior
ex: taking away someone’s freedom and putting them in jail to decrease criminal behavior
define negative reinforcement and give an example
removing something to increase a behavior
ex: kid doing the dishes to stop his mom’s nagging
ex: taking away plastic sheets to increase nights w/o bed-wetting
why has spanking been found to be NOT recommended?
a child is not likely to see the difference between getting spanked from his parents and hitting a sibling or another child when he doesn’t get what he wants
