Pharm: Module 6 Infection Flashcards by Christina Stafstrom

what is necessary BEFORE giving an antibiotic

get a wound culture and sensitivity test

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why is wound culture necessary

to determine what bacteria is present and what sensitivity level it is

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antibiotic is selected based on most common causes

Empiric therapy

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prevent an infection, usually related to surgery or procedure

prophylactic therapy

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decrease in signs of infection (fever, WBC count, redness, inflammation, drainage)

therapeutic

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signs do not improve

subtherapeutic

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eliminate normal flora and then other bacteria or fungi occur

superinfection

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examples of superinfections

yeast and C. diff

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examples of serious nosocomial infections

MRSA, VRE, VRSA (need heavy duty antibiotics)

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effective against gram positive and negative

used with empiric therapy

broad spectrum drugs

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effective against one type of bacteria

specific

narrow spectrum drugs

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what does NVD stand for

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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a lot of people are allergic to this

inhibits cell wall synthesis and enters cell wall to rupture it

penicillin (beta lactams)

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side effects of penicillin

allergic reactions, NVD, steven-Johnson syndrome, oral candidiasis, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, alkalosis, lethargy, diarrhea

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what does penicillin interact with

aminoglycosides and oral contraceptives

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what is penicillin commonly used to treat

syphilis, rheumatic heart disease, gas gangrene, pneumonia

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these are similar to penicillin

bactericidal and interfere with cell wall synthesis

cephalosporins

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drug type of cephalosporin that is good for staph infections

1st cefazolin and 1st cephalexin

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drug type of cephalosporin that is good for gonorrhea (injection IM)

3rd ceftriaxone

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drug type of cephalosporin that is good for MRSA

5th cefaroline

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side effects of cephalosporins

diarrhea, cramps, rash, pruritus, redness, edema, allergic reaction

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what do cephalosporins interact with

alcohol, antacids, and oral contraceptives

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increasing ability to reach cerebral spinal fluid

each generation has increased ability against BBB

cephalosporins

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what are sulfonamides primarily used to treat

UTIs

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common drugs of sulfonamides

sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim

side effects of sulfonamides

allergy to sulfa, GI complications, fever, rash, photosensitivity

important to do when taking sulfonamides

take with full glass of water to prevent crystallization in urine increase total fluid intake

what do sulfonamides interact with

hypoglycemic meds, increased bleeding with warfarin, and phenytoin (toxicity)

who can sulfonamides not be given to

pregnant women at term and infants <2 mos

aztreonam | not very common

monobactam

side effects of monobactams

NVD, rash

what is monobactams used for

UTIs, systemic infections

common drugs of macrolides

azithromycin (Z pak) and Erythromycin

this is a good substitute for clients with penicillin allergy

macrolides (commonly used)

what are macrolides used for

infections (respiratory) and chlamydia

what should you avoid taking with macrolides

fruit juice

what should you take two hours after or before taking macrolides

antacids

side effects of macrolides

C.diff

what is used to treat syphilis, PI disease and acne

tetracyclines

when do you give tetracyclines

1 hr before food or 2 hrs after (on empty stomach)

side effects of tetracyclines

teeth discoloration and photosensitivity

who should you not give tetracyclines to

pregnant women in 1st or 3rd trimester or children < 8 y/o

what do tetracyclines interact with

antacids and iron (binds with those elements)

tetracycline drug

doxycycline (which is best absorbed with food)

these are very potent | used for very stubborn specific infections

aminoglycosides

drugs of aminoglycosides

gentamycin and amikacin(often given with vancomycin)

what are aminoglycosides used to treat

pseudomonas

side effects of aminoglycosides

ototoxicity and renal toxicity must track peak and trough levels (30 min to prior does) narrow therapeutic range

what is the drug of quinolones

ciprofloxacin

what are quinolones used for

UTIs

side effects of quinolones

rupture tendons and tendonitis, V and D, oral candidiasis, constipation, tinnitus, blurred vision

used for GU | side effects are NVD

clindamycin

used for VRE | very expensive, used infrequently

linezolid

used for GYN infections

metronidazole

interventions of metronidazole

don't use in 1st trimester of pregnancy | do not use with alcohol

this is used for UTIs caused by E coli | side effects are liver toxicity

nitrofurantoin

very potent antibiotic | first line against MRSA and C diff

vancomycin

important interventions of vancomycin

monitor blood levels | run no more than 90mmin because it can lead to red man syndrome

this is not an allergic reaction release of histamine can be caused by vancomycin

red man syndrome

overall nursing implications regarding drugs fighting infection

``` monitor VS and signs of infection hypersensitivity severe diarrhea monitor OTC products superinfection ```