Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Quarter 2 > Pharm Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharm Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Glucuronyl transferase

A

the only phase II enzyme that is microsomal and inducible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CYP450

A

microsymal enzymes in the liver, perform oxidation of multiple drugs and foreign molecules. form OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

subtypes of CYP450

A

3A4- metabolize >50% drugs
2D6- impairs codeine metabolism
2E1- metabolizes & is induced by alcohol (increases drug toxicity!!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is CYP2E1 dangerous?

A

it increases the metabolism of acetaminophen and increases potential hepatotoxicity caused by the metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Smoking/chargrilled foods are inducers of

A

CYP 1A2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Barbiturates/phenobarbital, St Johns Wort are inducers of

A

CYP 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 3A4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ethanol is an inducer of

A

2E1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Grapefruit juice is an inhibitor of

A

CYP 3A4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an inhibitor of

A

2D6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

most common types of phase II rxns

A

functional groups (OH, SH, NH2) conjugated with glucuronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Genetic polymorphisms

A

mutations lead to enzyme deficiency and altered response to drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you “free” the drug to make it re-absorbable?

A

remove the conjugate! undoes the phase II step basically. done by digestive enzymes in the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Excretion of drug is enhanced by:

A
  1. agents that bind drugs in the intestine (Charcoal) thus increasing peristalsis
  2. antibiotics that eliminate GI bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Estrogen (birth control) is re-absorbed into the enterohepatic circulation. This is normal!

A

Problem: when abx are taken, this reduces the amount of GI bacteria and therefore the drug is not unconjugated or re-absorbed
Result: drug is excreted from body! you get pregnant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antibiotics effect on estrogen

A

they decrease birth control reabsorption consequently eliminating it from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

larger Vd

A

means harder to purify the blood through hemodialysis bc it does not bind to the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At high and toxic concentrations, what happens to elimination orders

A

Drugs normally eliminated by first order kinetics are now eliminated by zero order kinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gastric lavage

A

not recommended after 4 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

activated charcoal is a form of tx for acute poisoning

A

will absorb many toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Smaller the Vd

A

more effective dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Activated charcoal used to treat poisoning

A

by absorbing chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ammonium Chloride used to treat poisoning

A

acidify urine (bases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sodium bicarbonate used to treat poisoning

A

alkalinizing the urine (acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Drugs that treat poisoning by chelating metals:

A

Dimercaprol, Penicillamine, Deferoxamine, Calcium disodium edetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Dimercaprol
used to treat poisoning from: arsenic, gold, mercury, acute lead
26
Penicallamine
used to treat poisoning from: copper (wilson disease, resistant case of rheumatoid arthritis)
27
Deferoxamine
iron poisoning
28
Calcium disodium edetate
lead poisoning
29
Acetylcysteine (inactivates toxins)
acetaminophen poisoning
30
Atropine is an antidote for
Cholinesterase inhibitor poison
31
Cyanide poisoning
tx: sodium nitrite, Na thiosulfate, and amyl nitrite
32
Ethanol is an antidote for
methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning
33
Fomepizole is an antidote for
ethylene glycol poisoning
34
Antibodies are antidotes for
various toxins
35
Dimercaprol
Arsenic poisoning
36
Penicillamine
Copper poisoning
37
Deferoxamine
Iron poisoning
38
Calcium disodium edetale
Lead poisoning
39
G6PD deficieny
Pamaquine- induced Hemolytic Anemia d/t genetic variation of G6PD gene G6PD supplies NADPH & glutathione in RBC Sex linked mutation; X chromo
40
NAT2
I.e. of Change in Protein Function mutation txr of Acetyl group results in formation of an Amide on the drug R allele= rapid acetylation --> Hepatotoxicity r allele= slow acetylation --> Lupus Test: Give Isoniazid and determined plasma conc @ specific time after administered
41
CYP-2D6 Mutation
A deletion, duplication, or SNP Can be Poor, Intermediate, Normal, or Ultrarapid Metabolizer Ex: Nortriptyline, Codeine, Debrisoquin
42
OATP1B1
Drug Transporter Polymorphism Sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, affects uptake of statin drugs Mutations= reduced response to HMG Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors AKA Statins
43
HLA Human Leukocyte Antigen
Immune Gene Polymorphism Response mediated by cytotoxic CD8 T cells Involved in hypersensitivity rxns- SJS/TEN Ex: Abacavir sensitivity, screen for HLA B*5701 variant
44
Probe Drugs
used to evaluate ratio of metabolite to drug- measure the plasma concentration of metabolites
45
Enantiomer
mirror image
46
Example of a Lipid soluble, Hyrdophobically bonded drug
Anticonvulsant, | Local Anesthetic
47
Covalent bond; often irreversible; very strong
Aspirin, DNA-alkylating agent, Cholinesterase inhibitors
48
Potency
Dose required to produce a given effect
49
Are potency and efficacy related?
NO
50
Efficacy
Ability of a drug to initiate a response
51
The lower the EC50
The more potent the drug
52
Physiological antagonism
(functional) acts through a totally different mechanism to counteract the effects of agonist generally not as specific or easy to control I.e. reversing fall in BP produced by Histamine with Epinephrine
53
Chemical antagonism
directly interact w/agonist to inactivate it | I.e. inactivating Heparin w/Protamine Sulfate, Neutralizing stomach acid w/antacids
54
TKR Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
``` Insulin Epidermal & Nerve Growth Factor Platelet Derived Growth Factor CA relation to this Imatinib/Gleevec- cancer drug, works by signal transduction inhibiton ```
55
Cytokine Receptors
Growth hormone Erythropoietin Interferons Interleukins
56
Desensitization
Acute. Receptor keeps getting hit with something it doesn’t respond to it like normal. i.e. gun violence. Will not change number, just less sensitive to effects!
57
Down-regulation
Chronic.Takes weeks-months. Receptors CHANGE IN NUMBER. Pharmacodynamic change.
58
Ras/Raf pathway
associated with Receptor Tyrosine Kinase pathways | RTKs activate the Ras/Raf pathway
59
Major targets for cAMP
Protein Kinases | PKA;PKC
60
Tachyphylaxis
very rapid development of tolerance following repeated dose over a short period of time i.e. smoking meth
61
Physiologic tolerance
when two agents w/opposing effects are given together | Histamine (vasodilation) & Norepinephrine (vasoconstriction)
62
Pharmacodynamic tolerance
classic "drug tolerance" | response decreases d/t change in receptor # or fx
63
Pharmacokinetic tolerance
response decreases bc the enzyme that metabolizes the drug are induced Barbiturates & alcohol; warfarin
64
Overextension type of adverse effects
Drug does TOO much of what it's supposed to do: Sedative hypnotics: excessive CNS depression Antiarrhythmic: Arrhythmia Insulin & other anti-DM: Hypoglycemia ASA, Warfarin, Heparin: Hemorrage
65
Organ Directed Toxicity
Some drugs are toxic to organs/tissues with no connection to therapeutic effect Aminoglycoside abx: Renal & Ototoxicity Acetaminophen: Hepatotoxicity Tetracycline (acne): Teeth discoloration, Bone growth retardation Thalidomide, Methotrexate, Phenytoin, Warfarin: Teratogenic effects (birth defects) Metabolite toxicity: Acetaminophen & Isoniazid toxicity
66
To cross a membrane, a drug must be
LIPID SOLUBLE & | NON IONIZED
67
What is the point of ion trapping?
to increase elimination of that drug
68
If you make urine basic:
acidic drugs will be trapped and excreted from the body | i.e. Sodium Bicarb
69
If you make urine acidic:
basic drugs will be trapped and excreted from the body | i.e. Ammonium Chloride
70
Basic drugs that can accumulate in the BREAST MILK and become trapped (bc breast milk is acidic)
Tetracyclines | Phenobarbitol
71
Rate limiting for First Order Elimination
plasma concentration
72
Rate limiting for Zero Order Elimination
the biological system if given repeatedly in high doses, will NOT develop a steady state bc it's not dependent on plasma levels when given at higher doses than the elimination rate, will accumulate in the body and produce excessive plasma levels and TOXICITY
73
First order
certain % of drug is eliminated per time | can accumulate and reach steady state (Css)
74
Zero order
certain fixed AMOUNT of drug is eliminated per time Alcohol 10g/hour If you drink this much each hour, it will not accumulate and you will not reach steady state. HOWEVER, if you exceed levels, will build up in plasma and produce TOXICITY= drunk
75
Cytokine receptor- JAK (kinase activity in a separate protein)
Growth hormone Erythropoetin Interferons Interleukons
76
Gq- activates PLC
alpha 1 receptors PIP2 is cleaved into DAG and IP3 DAG activates PKC IP3 releases intracellular Ca2+ stores

Quarter 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions