Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OD2 - Applied Clinical Training & Research Studies in Vision and Optometry > PHARM - Drugs Used to Treat Diabetes - Week 8 > Flashcards

PHARM - Drugs Used to Treat Diabetes - Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What cell is responsible for the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two cells are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas? What is the umbrella term for them and what do they secrete?

A

Islets of Langerhans

  • Beta cells secrete insulin
  • Alpha cells secrete glucagon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe in 4 steps the physiological response to high blood glucose levels.

A

Elevated blood glucose levels
Insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas
Fat, muscle, and liver cells take in glucose from the blood
Normal blood glucose levels reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are glucose levels reduced in the cell (2)?

A

Conversion to glycogen and synthesis slowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe in 4 steps the physiological response to low blood glucose levels.

A

Decreased blood glucose levels
Glucagon is released by alpha cells in the pancreas
Liver cells release glucose into the blood
Normal blood glucose levels reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What two hormones are involved in increasing blood glucose levels?

A

Adrenaline and hydrocortisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What occurs as a result of the insulin signalling cascade?

A

Recruitment of GLUT4 transporter proteins to the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define type 1 diabetes in terms of insulin availability.

A

Absolute lack of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does type 1 diabetes usually occur (2)?

A

Juvenile onset typically <20 years

Viral initiated autoimmune destruction of islet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Consider viral-initiated type 1 diabetes. What are individuals with this predisposed to and why?

A

Ketoacidosis due to the breakdown of protein and fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 4 symptoms of type 1 diabetes.

A

Muscle cramps
Faintness
Cardiac arrythmia
Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define type 2 diabetes in terms of insulin availability.

A

Relative lack of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 2 possible mechanisms for type 2 diabetes and a cause if applicable.

A

Impaired secretion of insulin

Insulin resistance caused by impaired receptor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name 3 possible causes of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged individuals.

A

Overweight/obese
Physically inactive
Family history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the 1st and 2nd phase of responses to high blood glucose levels for insulin in normal, type 1, and type 2 individuals.

A

1st phase: release of stored insulin
2nd phase: continued release of stored and newly synthesised insulin
Normal - sharp rise in blood insulin levels, followed by a steady decline, followed by a a steady increase, then steady decrease.
Type 1 - flat line
Type 2 - steady increase only after a significant amount of time, followed by a steady decrease.
The peak for blood insulin levels in type 2 diabetes is significantly lower than that of of the initial increase in normal individuals.
The increase in type 2 matches the second increase in glucose in normal individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define diabetes mellitus.

A

The chronic disturbance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism resulting from absolute or relative lack of insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 6 secondary complications associated with diabetes.

A 
Hyperglycaemia
Polyuria
Atherosclerosis
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the four aims of diabetes therapy.

A

Glucose homeostasis (4-8mmol/L)
Restore metabolism
Relieve symptoms
Reduce long-term complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 11 symptoms of diabetes.

A 
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Blurred vision
Weight loss
Weakness
Dry itchy skin
Impaired wound healing
Dry mouth
Recurrent infections
Impotence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is mandatory in the treatment of diabetes? Describe three components to this.

A

Dietary and lifestyle modifications

  • carbohydrate intake
  • exercise
  • stop smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name two treatment options for type 1 diabetes.

A

Insulin injection

Islet cell transplantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name a treatment option for type 2 diabetes.

A

Hypoglycaemic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is insulin administered?

A

Subcutaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name three sources for insulin.

A

Porcine, bovine, and human

Human using recombinant DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the standard for dosage on insulin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (4)?
No standard | -depends on weight, diet, and exercise
26
What is the aim of appropriate dosage for treating type 1 diabetes?
Avoiding hyperglycaemia
27
How is blood glucose monitored (what molecule is measured)?
Levels of glycated haemoglobin
28
Name three adverse effects of treating type 1 diabetes and what this condition is called.
Hypoglycaemia - faintness - sweating - tremors
29
Name four possible drug interactions when treating type 1 diabetes.
Beta blockers Corticosteroids Diuretics Alcohol
30
Consider type 2 diabetes caused by a relative lack of insulin. What kind of drug action is desirable to treat it? Give an example.
Drugs that stimulate the pancreas to release insulin | Sulphonylureas
31
Consider type 2 diabetes caused by insulin resistance. What kind of drug action is desirable to treat it? Give two examples.
Drugs that sensitise the body to insulin and/or control hepatic glucose production Biguanides Thiazolidinediones
32
What kind of drug action is desirable to treat type 2 diabetes by targeting glucose absorption? Give an example.
Drugs that slow the absorption of carbohydrates | Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
33
What kind of drug action is desirable to treat type 2 diabetes by targeting glucose reabsorption? give an example.
Drugs that increase excretion of glucose | Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors
34
What kind of drug action is desirable to treat type 2 diabetes by targeting incretins? give an example.
Drugs that regulate insulin and glucagon | Incretin mimetics and enhancers
35
What drug class is the first-line treatment for diabetes type 2? Name an example.
Biguanides - metformin
36
Name four mechanisms of action for metformin.
Increased insulin-mediated glucose uptake Reduced hepatic glucose production Decreased carbohydrate absorption Reduced LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels
37
How is metformin administered?
Orally
38
How often is metformin administered typically?
Once a day
39
Name four advarse effects of metformin.
Diarrhoea Nausea Abdominal discomfort No weight gain with possible modest weight loss
40
What can occur if metformin is improperly prescribed.
Lactic acidosis
41
In patients with what 2 diseases is metformin contraindicated?
Renal and hepatic diseases
42
What line of treatment are sulphonyureas?
First or second.
43
Describe the mechanism of action for sulphonyureas (5).
Acts on B cells to stimulate insulin secretion | Binds Katp channel reducing K+ permeability and causing Ca2+ entry and insulin release.
44
How are sulphonyireas administered? How often?
Orally once daily
45
Do sulphonyureas cross the placenta and/or enter breast milk?
Yes to both
46
How are sulphonyureas removed from the body?
Excreted via the kidney
47
Name two adverse effects of sulphonyureas.
Hypoglycaemia | Weight gain
48
Where in the kidney are sodium glucose cotransporter 2 proteins found? What percentage of glucose do they reabsorb?
Along the tubules following bowmans capsule. Reabsorb up to 90%, with the remaining taken care of by cotransporter 1.
49
How are SGLT2 inhibitors administered, how often, and how are they removed?
Orally once daily | Excreted via kidney
50
If something is administered once daily, what does that suggest about its half life?
Long half life
51
Name 6 adverse effects of using SGLT2 inhibitors.
``` Genital infections Polyuria Dysuria Modest weight loss Urinary tract infections Thirst ```
52
Why should SGLT2 inhibitors be used with precaution in the elderly (3)?
It can cause volume depletion, hypotension, and fainting
53
What effect do SGLT2 inhibitors have on loop diuretics and thiazides? What should be done as a result of this?
It can increase their effects. Precaution should be taken when co-administering these drugs.
54
What effect do incretins have on the pancreas (3) and what receptor do they target?
Increases insulin secretion Decreases glucagon secretion Increases insulin biosynthesis
55
What effect do incretins have on the liver?
Decreased glucose production
56
What effect do incretins have on adipose and muscle tissue?
Increases glucose uptake/storage
57
What effect do incretins have on the stomach?
Decreases gastric emptying
58
What effect do incretins have on the brain (2)?
Increases neuroprotection | Decreases apetite
59
How are glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists administered?
Subcutaeneous injection
60
Name four mechanisms of action for GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Potentiates glucose mediated insulin secretion Suppresses glucagon secretion Slows gastric emptying Loss of appetite
61
What is the central action of GLP-1 receptor agonists?
Loss of appetite
62
Name 7 adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists.
``` Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea Weight loss Antibody formation Immune reactions Pancreatitis ```

OD2 - Applied Clinical Training & Research Studies in Vision and Optometry (174 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions