Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OD2 - Applied Clinical Training & Research Studies in Vision and Optometry > ND - Headaches - Week 10 > Flashcards

ND - Headaches - Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Define a headache.

A

Any pain in the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is a headache considered a symptom or a disease?

A

Symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define active headache disorder.

A

Symptomatic in the past year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percentage of headaches are migraines?

A

~10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the two classifications of migraines and the percentage of cases for each.

A

Migraines without aura - ~80%

Migraines with aura - ~20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What percentage of headaches are tension-type headaches?

A

~40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which gender is more affected by migraines? Give the ratio.

A

Females 3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which gender is more affected by tension-type headaches? Give the ratio.

A

5:4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percentage of headaches are cluster headaches? Which gender is more affected? give the ratio.

A

~0.1%

Males more affected 6:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common disabling neurological condition?

A

Migraines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What characteristics can a migraine without aura have, and how many need to be met to be diagnosed as such?

A 
Unilateral location
Pulsating quality
Moderate/severe pain intensity
Aggravation by or causing avoidance of physical activity
At least two must be present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What two events may occur during a migraine without aura and how many need to occur in one episode to be diagnosed as such?

A

Nausea and/or vomiting
Photophobia and phonophobia
At least one must occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the minimum number of attacks that need to occur and how long must they last for a headache to be diagnosed as a migraine without aura? What else must be met (3)?

A

At least 5 attacks fulfilling all the criteria, lasting 4-72h untreated
At least two of four characteristics must be present
At least one of two events must happen
It must not be better accounted for by another diagnostic criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the 5-4-3-2-1 rule?

A

At least FIVE attacks
Headache lasting a minimum of FOUR hours to THREE days
Has at least TWO characteristics
At least ONE event occurs during the headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the minimum number of attacks that need to occur for a headache to be classified a migraine with aura?

A

At least two attacks fulfilling the diagnostic criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

For a migraine to be classified migraine with aura. list 6 symptoms associated with diagnosing it including which must and must not occur.

A

Fully reversible visual, sensory, and/or speech/language symptoms
No motor, brainstem, or retinal symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List three characteristics of a migraine with aura and the number of these that must be present to meet the diagnostic criteria.

A

At least one aura symptom spreads gradually over 5+ minutes
Two or more aura symptoms occur in succession
Each individual aura symptom lasts 5-60 minutes
At least one aura symptom is unilateral
At least one aura is positive
The aura is accompanied or followed within 60 minutes, by a headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are transient ischaemic attacks?

A

Stroke symptoms that resolve within 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What percentage of stroke victims will have a transient ischaemic attack first?

A

Up to 25%

20
Q

When assessing a headache case, what should you be wary of (4)?

A

Aura occuring for the first time after 40yoa
Symptoms that are exclusively negative
Symptoms that are very short or prolonged
Maximal neurological deficit at onset

21
Q

What is the minimum number of attacks that need to occur (frequency also)and how long must they last for a headache to be diagnosed as a tension-type headache? What else must be met (3)?

A

At least 10 episodes occurring on <1 day/month on average
Lasting from 30 mins to 7 days
Must have at least two characteristics of tension-type headache
All events associated with tension-type headache must occur
Must not be better accounted for by another criteria

22
Q

List four characteristics of a tension-type headache and the number which must be present to be diagnosed as such.

A

Bilateral location
Pressing or tightening quality (non-pulsating)
Mild/moderate intensity
Not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking/stair climbing
At least two must be present

23
Q

List two events that can occur with tension-type headache. How many of these must occur for it to be diagnosed as such?

A

No nausea/vomiting
No more than one of photophobia or phonophobia
Both must occur

24
Q

What is the minimum number of attacks that need to occur and how long must they last for a headache to be diagnosed as a cluster headaches? What part of the head must be affected (3)? Uni- or bilateral? What else must be met (3)?

A

At least 5 attacks with severe or very severe unilateral orbital, supraorbital and/or temporal pain lasting 15-180 minutes

25
Q

List 6 characteristics of cluster headaches and the number of these that must occur to be diagnosed as such.

A

Either or both of the following:

  • At least one of the following:
  • conjunctival injection and/or lacrimation
  • nasal congestion and/or rhinorrhoea
  • eyelid oedema
  • forehead and facial sweating
  • miosis and/or ptosis
  • A sense of restlessness or agitation
26
Q

What frequency do cluster headaches occur?

A

Between one every other day and 8 per day

27
Q

What are most headaches? Explain.

A

Most are primary headaches and are benign

28
Q

List the PQRSTU mneumonic for headache assessment.

A 
Provocative and palliative
Quality of pain
Radiating
Site of severity
Tining (onset, duration, frequency, time of day etc)
Unusual symptoms
29
Q

Give an example of quality of pain for the following:
Tension-type headache
Migraine
Cluster headache

A

Tension-type - band-like pressure
Migraine - half head throbbing
Cluster - sharp periorbital

30
Q

Describe the timing pattern for cluster headaches.

A

Attacks lasting days to weeks spread out between weeks to months of no attacks

31
Q

List 9 ocular causes of headaches.

A 
Refractive error
Ocular misalignment
Binocular vision dysfunction
Incorrectly dispensed prescription
Ocular inflammation/infection
Ocular surface disease
Ocular ischaemia
Acute angle closure
Nerve palsy/neuralgia
32
Q

What are the 5 things that should be assessed for headaches?

A 
Pupils
Eye movement
BV workup
Visual field testing
IOP
33
Q

List 7 indications for a referral from an eye exam when assessing a headache.

A

Decreased visiond
High IOP
Optic nerve swelling
Neurological signs
Fundus haemorrhage
An eye exam suggesting a problem behind the eye
An eye exam suggesting pathology that doesnt necessarily cause headache

34
Q

Describe the SNOOP5 mneumonic for headache red flags.

A

Systemic conditions (fever, chill, weight loss/gain)
neurologic symptoms, especially focal
O O older age at onset (especially 50+)
P5 peak intensity, precipitation with valsalva mannoeuvre or exertion, postural or positional, pattern change, or progressive, pregnancy

35
Q

List 7 red flags that suggest a secondary cause of headache.

A 
New onset headache
Abrupt onset
Progressive symptoms
Abnormal neurological signs
Headache with exertion
Change with head position
Change with valsalva manoeuvre
Symptoms consistent with a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia
36
Q

List 6 types of headaches that may require MRI imaging.

A

Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (including cluster headaches)
New daily persistent headache
Cough headache
Sex headache
Exertional headache
Headache suggestive of altered intracranial pressure

37
Q

Is refractive error affected by migraines?

A

Little to no evidence

38
Q

Are binocular vision problems like asthenopia specifically related to migraines?

A

Not specifically, but should be ruled out as a possible cause of headache

39
Q

Can migraines affect pupils?

A

There have been some cases

40
Q

Describe a retinal migraine. What must be ruled out (2)?

A

Headache + fully reversible visual aura in one eye only
Normal ophthamological examination between attacks
Rule out other causes of amaurosis fugax

41
Q

What kind of a headache is a migraine and with what involvement?

A

A primary headache disorder with vascular involvement

42
Q

What common tendency with migraine may contribute to what pathology in susceptible individuals?

A

Common vasospastic tendencies may contribute to glaucomatous pathology

43
Q

Is there evidence of high prevalence of migraine among glaucoma patients? Explain (2).

A

Yes, for POAG and NTG

44
Q

Can visual field defects from migraines resolve over time? When are they worse?

A

Yes

Visual field defects can be worse close to a migraine

45
Q

What are typical headaches? Give three examples

A

Primary headache disorders

  • migraines
  • tension type headache
  • cluster headache

OD2 - Applied Clinical Training & Research Studies in Vision and Optometry (174 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions