Pharm Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Pharmacology (Pharmacotherapeutics)
area of pharmacy that refers to use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, and diagnose disease
Pharmacokinetics
study of how body deals with the drug in terms of ADME
ADME
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmacodynamics
what drug does in body including its excretion
Types of Drug nomenclature
Chemical Name
Generic Name
Brand Name
Chemical Name
Organic Chemistry Name
Generic name
like acetaminophen
Brand name
like “Tylenol”
FDA Therapeutic Equivalency Standards
Drug products are considered to be therapeutic equivalents only if they are pharmaceutical equivalents and if they can be expected to have the same clinical effect and safety profile when administered to patients under the conditions specified in the labeling.
Preclinical Testing
Animal trials for safety and efficacy
Human Studies Phase 1
safe dose, effect, kinetics (mostly tested on rats)
Human Studies Phase 2
effectiveness in disorder
Human Studies Phase 3
large scale safety and efficacy (used to determine safe dosages)
- phase where papers to FDA for drug approval are submitted and rejected/accepted
- highly controlled patient studies conducted (minimal medical conditions and other currently taken meds present - potentially poses future problems)
Human Studies Phase 4
post marketing (approved by FDA, but still need to keep track for 3 years minimum of how the general public responds to the drug) **this is where hc community really finds out if drug is safe or not
OTC (over the counter) vs Prescription Medications
OTCs are safe for use by the general population without guidance of a health professional
Prescription meds are for those that have seen a Dr. first, not always safe for the general population
Classes of controlled substances
C1- are illegal (like LSD and cocaine= the good stuff)
C2- major pain meds, like morphine
C3- hydrocodone
C4
C5
**The Lower the class, the higher the potential for abuse
Threshold Effect
the start of efficacy
Ceiling Effect
max effect of a drug
Potency
related to the dose that produces a given response in a specific amplitude
Ex: One drug may take 1mg to have the SAME effect as 10mg of another drug
So the 1mg drug is more potent than the 10mg drug
Efficacy
How effective a drug is at it’s intended purpose
ED-50
The dose at which 50% of the population respond to the drug in a specified manner (Median effective dose)
TD-50
The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals studied (Median lethal dose) ie. Toxic Dose
Therapeutic Index (TI)
TI = TD50/ED50
Used to as an indicator of the drug’s safety. The greater the value of TI the safe the drug is considered
Enteral administration and examples
These are preferred and use the gut to absorb the medication (you want to utilize the gut)
Ex: Oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal
Parenteral administration and examples
bypasses the gut
Ex: Inhalation & Injection
Types of injection administration
IV, SC (subcutaneous), IM (intramuscular), & Intrathecal
Transdermal administration
slow release concentration. Must be able to penetrate skin, must not be degraded by enzymes of dermis
Bioavailability (F)
% of drug administered that enters bloodstream
passive vs active transport
initially you want active to get through plasma membrane; when dealing with excretion, usually passive
Acid vs basic drugs
acid get through in stomach; basic get through in intestine wall
What determines distribution of drugs within the body?
Tissue permeability
Blood flow = bad circulation means they might not be able to metabolize drugs as well
Binding to plasma proteins
Where are reservoirs for drug storage?
adipose, bone, and muscle
4 examples of biotransformation
Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation
Cytochrome P450
Enzymes responsible for drug metabolism
Cytochrome P450 induction
increases metabolism
Cytochrome P450 Inhibition
blocks metabolism
Substrates
med the uses pathway but does not have any positive/negative effect
Most dominant isoenzyme?
CYP3A4
Where is the distribution of 3A4 located in the body?
70% in intestines, 60% in Liver
Creatine Clearance
way to measure how well kidney is working
Half Life
The time it takes for 1/2 a drug to disappear from the body
Dosing Regimes
designed to keep body at a steady state (5x to take to get to steady state)
Variables in Drug Response include:
Genetics Disease Drug interactions Age= very young and very old T Race Sex= females have higher risk Diet
