Pharm Chapters 1-4

Question 1

Pharmacology (Pharmacotherapeutics)

Answer 1

area of pharmacy that refers to use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, and diagnose disease

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

study of how body deals with the drug in terms of ADME

Question 3

ADME

Answer 3

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 4

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 4

what drug does in body including its excretion

Question 5

Types of Drug nomenclature

Answer 5

Chemical Name
Generic Name
Brand Name

Question 6

Chemical Name

Answer 6

Organic Chemistry Name

Question 7

Generic name

Answer 7

like acetaminophen

Question 8

Brand name

Answer 8

like “Tylenol”

Question 9

FDA Therapeutic Equivalency Standards

Answer 9

Drug products are considered to be therapeutic equivalents only if they are pharmaceutical equivalents and if they can be expected to have the same clinical effect and safety profile when administered to patients under the conditions specified in the labeling.

Question 10

Preclinical Testing

Answer 10

Animal trials for safety and efficacy

Question 11

Human Studies Phase 1

Answer 11

safe dose, effect, kinetics (mostly tested on rats)

Question 12

Human Studies Phase 2

Answer 12

effectiveness in disorder

Question 13

Human Studies Phase 3

Answer 13

large scale safety and efficacy (used to determine safe dosages)

• phase where papers to FDA for drug approval are submitted and rejected/accepted
• highly controlled patient studies conducted (minimal medical conditions and other currently taken meds present - potentially poses future problems)

Question 14

Human Studies Phase 4

Answer 14

post marketing (approved by FDA, but still need to keep track for 3 years minimum of how the general public responds to the drug)
**this is where hc community really finds out if drug is safe or not

Question 15

OTC (over the counter) vs Prescription Medications

Answer 15

OTCs are safe for use by the general population without guidance of a health professional
Prescription meds are for those that have seen a Dr. first, not always safe for the general population

Question 16

Classes of controlled substances

Answer 16

C1- are illegal (like LSD and cocaine= the good stuff)
C2- major pain meds, like morphine
C3- hydrocodone
C4
C5
**The Lower the class, the higher the potential for abuse

Question 17

Threshold Effect

Answer 17

the start of efficacy

Question 18

Ceiling Effect

Answer 18

max effect of a drug

Question 19

Potency

Answer 19

related to the dose that produces a given response in a specific amplitude
Ex: One drug may take 1mg to have the SAME effect as 10mg of another drug
So the 1mg drug is more potent than the 10mg drug

Question 20

Efficacy

Answer 20

How effective a drug is at it’s intended purpose

Question 21

ED-50

Answer 21

The dose at which 50% of the population respond to the drug in a specified manner (Median effective dose)

Question 22

TD-50

Answer 22

The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals studied (Median lethal dose) ie. Toxic Dose

Question 23

Therapeutic Index (TI)

Answer 23

TI = TD50/ED50

Used to as an indicator of the drug’s safety. The greater the value of TI the safe the drug is considered

Question 24

Enteral administration and examples

Answer 24

These are preferred and use the gut to absorb the medication (you want to utilize the gut)
Ex: Oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal

Question 25

Parenteral administration and examples

Answer 25

bypasses the gut

Ex: Inhalation & Injection

Question 26

Types of injection administration

Answer 26

IV, SC (subcutaneous), IM (intramuscular), & Intrathecal

Question 27

Transdermal administration

Answer 27

slow release concentration. Must be able to penetrate skin, must not be degraded by enzymes of dermis

Question 28

Bioavailability (F)

Answer 28

% of drug administered that enters bloodstream

Question 29

passive vs active transport

Answer 29

initially you want active to get through plasma membrane; when dealing with excretion, usually passive

Question 30

Acid vs basic drugs

Answer 30

acid get through in stomach; basic get through in intestine wall

Question 31

What determines distribution of drugs within the body?

Answer 31

Tissue permeability
Blood flow = bad circulation means they might not be able to metabolize drugs as well
Binding to plasma proteins

Question 32

Where are reservoirs for drug storage?

Answer 32

adipose, bone, and muscle

Question 33

4 examples of biotransformation

Answer 33

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation

Question 34

Cytochrome P450

Answer 34

Enzymes responsible for drug metabolism

Question 35

Cytochrome P450 induction

Answer 35

increases metabolism

Question 36

Cytochrome P450 Inhibition

Answer 36

blocks metabolism

Question 37

Substrates

Answer 37

med the uses pathway but does not have any positive/negative effect

Question 38

Most dominant isoenzyme?

Answer 38

CYP3A4

Question 39

Where is the distribution of 3A4 located in the body?

Answer 39

70% in intestines, 60% in Liver

Question 40

Creatine Clearance

Answer 40

way to measure how well kidney is working

Question 41

Half Life

Answer 41

The time it takes for 1/2 a drug to disappear from the body

Question 42

Dosing Regimes

Answer 42

designed to keep body at a steady state (5x to take to get to steady state)

Question 43

Variables in Drug Response include:

Answer 43

Genetics
Disease
Drug interactions
Age= very young and very old T
Race
Sex= females have higher risk 
Diet