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Pharmacology > Pharm Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Pharm Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Disorders of the GI tract

A

Damage from gastric acid secretions
Excessive motility of GI tract
Decreased motility of GI Tract

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2
Q

Peptic ulcers:

A

include esophagus, stomach, duodenum

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3
Q

Why is acidity of the GI tract required? Why would treatment be warranted?

A

to activate protease activity and control intestinal bacteria
to help prevent and heal peptic ulcers

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4
Q

What types of drugs are used for acid control and secretions in the stomach?

A

Antacids, H2 blockers. proton pumps

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5
Q

Antacids

A

MOA: neutralize stomach acid
Treat GERD, heartburn, indigestion, stomach ache
Examples: Tums, Mylanta
Side effects: headache, dizziness, minor GI problems, constipation (Al), diarrhea (Mg)

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6
Q

H2 Blockers

A

MOA: histamine stimulates parietal cells to increase gastric acid secretion.
Treat GERD, heartburn
Drugs: Zantac (Ranitidine), Pepcid (Famotidine), Tagamet (Cimetidine)

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7
Q

Proton Pump inhibitors

A

MOA: block the pump (H, K, ATPASE) that secretes acid into the lumen of the stomach.
Examples: Prilosec (omeprazole), Nexium (esomeprazole), Prevacid (Lansoprazole)
Side Effects: headache, dizziness, diarrhea

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8
Q

What is H. Pylori?

A

A gram negative bacteria associated with GI ulcers and is resistance to cure.

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9
Q

What factors that can contribute to GI ulceration:

A

alcoholism, stress, overuse of ASA or NSAIDS

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10
Q

Agents used for problems associated with gastric acidity and GI ulcer management

A

Anticholinergics, Metoclopramide, Prostaglandins, Sucralfate

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11
Q

Anticholinerics

A

MOA: can decrease gastric acid secretion. Not widely use
Side effects: dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, confusion
Drugs: Atropine

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12
Q

Metoclopramide

A

MOA: stimulates GI motility so therefore also decreases risk of GI acid reflux into esophagus
Side Effects: CNS related tremor, drowsiness, fatigue

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13
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Prostaglandins: not used bc of side effects
MOA: increase GI mucosal secretion
Drugs: Cytotec (Misoprostol)
Side Effects: diarrhea, abdominal pain

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14
Q

Sucralfate

A

MOA: forms a protective gel within the stomach and coats ulcers to promote healing.
Side Effects: little to none, constipation can occur

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15
Q

Antidiarrheal agents

A

Opioid derivatives, Adsorbents, Bismuth Salicyclate, Clonidine, Octreodide, Colestid

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16
Q

Opioid Derivatives

A

MOA: Decrease motility in the gut, increase absorption of salt and water, decrease fluid and electrolyte excretion by acting on the Mu receptor
Drugs: Imodium (Loperamide- OTC), Lomotil (diphenoxylate- Rx)
Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, dependence, constipation, abdominal discomfort, urinary retention

17
Q

Adsorbents

A

MOA: given to take up and hold harmful substances such as bacteria or toxin
Drugs: Kaolin, Pectin
Side Effects: little to no side effects

18
Q

Bismuth Salicyclate

A

MOA: increase GI absorption of water and electrolytes, some antibacterial effects, some PG inhibition
Drugs: Pepto bismol. Caution about salicylate
Side Effects: black tongue, black stools

19
Q

Clonidine

A

MOA: Stimulate alpha 2 receptors in GI tract, decreasing secretion, increasing absorption
Side Effects: drowsiness, headache, dizziness, skin rash

20
Q

Octreotide

A

MOA: inhibits secretion of serotonin and other peptides

Side Effects: bradycardia, headache, fatigue, fever, dizziness

21
Q

Colestid (colestipol) & Questran (cholestyramine)

A

MOA: bind bile acids within the GI tract

Side effects: dizzines, fatigue, bloating, cramping, abdominal pain, constipation

22
Q

Drugs used for constipation

23
Q

Laxatives

A

MOA: promote evacuation of bowel, induction of bowel movements
Side effects: nausea, vomiting, cramps, fluid/electrolyte loss long term
Long term use can impair or retard normal physiologic function

24
Q

Types of Laxatives

A
  1. Bulk Forming (metamucil)
  2. Stimulants (Dulcolax, Ex-lax)
  3. Hyperosmotics (Milk of magnesis, Miralax)
  4. Lubricants and stool softeners (Colace)
25
Q

Misc GI Drugs

A

Digestants, emetics, antiemetics, Chollitholytic agents

26
Q

Digestants

A

aid in digestion

27
Q

Emetics

A

MOA: induce vomiting, help empty toxins/poisons
Drugs: Ipecac, Apomorphine
Side effects: Chest pain, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, falls

28
Q

Antiemetics

A

MOA: decrease nausea/vomiting
Drugs: Antihistamine (Meclizine), anticholinergics (Scopolamine), dopamine and serotonin blockers
Side Effects: drowsiness, headache, tachycardia/bradycardia

29
Q

Chollitholytic agents:

A

MOA: used to help to dissolve non calcified gallstones
Drugs: Ursodiol
Side effects: headache, dizziness, diarrhea, constipation, dyspepsia nausea

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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