PHARM Chapter 8 - Principles of Nervous System Flashcards
Albuterol
Modulate sympathetic nervous system - dilates bronchioles selectively
Metoprolol
Modulates sympathetic nervous system - selectively decreases heart rate and contractility
Bethanechol
Modulates parasympathetic nervous system - promotes GI and urinary tract motility
Atropine
Antagonist of parasympathetic activty - locally to dilate pupils or systemically to increase heart rate
Ipratropium
Antagonist of parasympathetic activity - dilates bronchioles
Pancuronium
Modulates somatic nervous system - antagonist of neuromuscular junction activity, induces paralysis during surgery
Edrophonium and Neostigmine
Modulates somatic nervous system - agonist of neuromuscular junction activity, used to diagnose and treat myasthenia gravis
What controls balance
vermis of cerebellum
Serotonergic neurons regulate
wakefulness and sleep
What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the substantia nigra (midbrain)
dopamine - enables intended movement, emotion, thought, emory storage
What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the locus ceruleus (pons)
norepinephrine - vigiliance, responsiveness to unexpected stimuli
What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the raphe nuclei (medulla, pons, midbrain)
serotonin - perception of pain, mood, responsiveness of cortical neurons
What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the basal nucleus of meynert
ACh = altertness
What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the Pedunculopontine nucleus
ACh = sleep-wake cycles
What neurotransmitter is released and what is its function in the Tuberomamillary nucleus (hypothalamus)
histamine = forebrain arousal
What neurotransmitters does the peripheral nervous system use
ACh + norepinephrine
What neurotransmitters does the central nervous system use
ACh + norepinephrine + neuroactive peptides
The two types of amino acid neurotransmitters are acidic which includes: __ and ___ for ___ and the neutral amino acids __ and ___ for ___
glutamate and aspartate = excitatory
GABA and glycine = inhibitory
Primray excitatory neurotransmitter it accts on both ionotropic and metabotropic
glutamate
Felbamate
treatment of refractory epilepsy, inhibits NMDA glutamate receptor
Three categories of biogenic amines and what they are derived from
catecholamines = tyrosine
indoleamine serotonin = typtophan
histamine = hstidine
How does tyrosine form dopamine
Tyrosine is oxidized to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)
L-DOPA is then decarboxylated to dopamine in cytoplasm and stored in synaptic vesicles
In noradrenergic neurons, dopamine is converted to ___ in the synaptic vesicles via ___
In adrenal medulla this can be methylated to ___ in ____
norepinephrine
dopamine B-hydroxylase
epinephrine
Clonidine
partial agonist that acts on presynaptic alpha-2-receptors
tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs)
increases synaptic concentration of norepinephrine by blocking reuptake
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
increase intracellular pool of norepinephrine available for synatpic release by inhibiting chemical degrdation
another name for serotonin
5-hydroxytryptamine
how is 5-ht formed from tryptophan
enzymatic oxidation at 5 position followed by decarboxylation
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
act more selectively on serotonin to treat depression
opioid peptide family is for pain sensation includes
enkephalins
dyorphins
endorphins
aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase)
metabolizes peripheral L-DOPA to dopamine which cant cross BBB
carbidopa
inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase to ensure L-DOPA is not metabolized to dopamine before BBB
Barbiturates and benzodiasepines
hypnotics and sedatives that potentiate action of inhibitor neurotransmitters in cortex
General anesthetics work on what part of brain
cerebral cortex
Levodopa
acts on striatum to ameliorate clinical manifestations of the disease
clonidine
mediated by action at receptors in hypothalamus for antihypertensive effect
