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Nursing > Pharm 1 Exam (2) > Flashcards

Pharm 1 Exam (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms

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2
Q

Drug Therapy

A

use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, and treat signs/symptoms/disease processes

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3
Q

Medications

A

drugs given for therapeutic purpose

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4
Q

Systemic Drug

A

entered into the body and blood stream takes it (IV antibiotic/PO meds) works through blood stream (typically more rapid when going through IV)

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5
Q

Local

A

at site of application (sunscreen/hydrocortisone)

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6
Q

atropa belladonna

A

plant associated with Atropine

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7
Q

papauarum Somniferum

A

plant associated with Morphine

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8
Q

Rauvolfia Serpentina

A

Plant associated with reserpine

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9
Q

Synthetic compounds

A

Manufactured in laboratories. More standardized in chemical compounds, more consistent in affect, less likely to produce allergies

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10
Q

semi-synthetic

A

naturally occurring in nature, but chemical modified (ex. Antibiotics)

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11
Q

Drugs are classified according to effects on

A
  1. Specific body systems (morphine=CNS)
  2. Therapeutic Uses: (Morphine=potent analgesic)
  3. Chemical Characteristics (Morphine=narcotic)
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12
Q

Drug Prototype

A

Individual drugs that represent a group of drugs (typically the first/pioneer of a group) (Ex. Morphine=Opioid Analgesics)

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13
Q

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

A

Regulated the manufacturing and distribution of controlled substances

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14
Q

Food, drug, cosmetic Act of 1938:

A

requires that official drugs meet standards of purity and strength determined by chemical analysis or bioassay

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15
Q

Durham-Humphery Amendment

A

Designates which medications must be prescribed by a healthcare professional

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16
Q

Controlled Substances Act:

A

Categorizes controlled substances according to therapeutic strength and potential for abuse

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17
Q

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA):

A

Enforces the Controlled Substances Act

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18
Q

Controlled Substance Act 1970:

A

Regulates manufacturing and distribution of narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids

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19
Q

Schedule 1 Drugs:

A

Ecstasy + Heroin

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20
Q

Schedule 2 Drugs:

A

Hydromorphone, methadone

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21
Q

Schedule 3 Drugs:

A

Hydrocodone + Acetaminophen

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22
Q

Schedule 4 Drugs:

A

Alprazolam

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23
Q

Schedule 5 drugs:

A

Robitussin

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24
Q

Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act of 1938:

A

Standards for testing drug toxicity and monitoring labeling

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25
Q

FDA pregnancy Categories (A, B, C, D, X)

A

A: controlled studies of pregnant women show 0 risk in 1st trimester
B: Animal studies show no risk or animals show risk unconfirmed in humans
C: Animal studies show risk–caution advised–benefits greater than risk
D: Evidence of risk to human fetuses. Use only when benefits outweigh risk
X: Risk outweighs benefits: do not use if pregnant

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26
Q

Teratogenic

A

fetal for a fetus

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27
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption/Distribution/Metabolism/Excretion

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28
Q

Lipophilic

A

love lipid membrane and dissolve into the cell membrane

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29
Q

lipophobic

A

cannot pass through the lipid membrane

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30
Q

Pharmacodynamics:

A

The effects that the drugs has on the body

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31
Q

4 Ways Drugs work:

A

Replace or act as substitutions for missing chemicals
Increase or stimulate certain cell activities
Depress or slow cellular activities
Interfere with the functioning of forgein cells (chemotherapeutic drugs)

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32
Q

Non-receptor drug actions

A

Antiacids, osmotic diuretics, anticancer drugs, metal chelating agents

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33
Q

Metal chelating agents

A

liquid that binds to toxic metal in body and excretes it

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34
Q

Non-Specific Drug Effects

A

Work on certain receptors that may be present in several different organs or tissues

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35
Q

epinephrine affects receptors in

A

A1, B1, and B2

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36
Q

Absorption

A

Process that occurs from the time the drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated to the tissues.

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37
Q

Active Transport:

A

molecules move across membrane from lower to higher concentration (takes energy)

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38
Q

Passive Transport:

A

molecules move across the cell membrane from high concentration to lower concentration

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39
Q

Onset of drug action

A

beginning of drug starting to work. This is determined by rate and extent of drugs absorbed through the following factors:
Dosage, form, rate of administration
Administration site blood flow, GI function
Presence of food or other drugs in the body

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40
Q

Levothyroxine

A

must be taken on an empty stomach or it is absorbed there and excrited without effect

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41
Q

Absorption of internal medications Altercations

A

Altered by GI motility (bowel obstruction)
Altered by presence of food in the stomach
Altered by pH of stomach
Altered by amount of bowel surface area
Pain/stress might divert blood flow from stomach and affect absorption

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42
Q

parenteral medicine

A

absorbed outside the GI tract (quicker)

43
Q

Types of Parenteral medicine

A

IV (fastest), IM (fast), subcutaneous (slowest)

44
Q

Distribution

A

Transport of drug molecules in the body

45
Q

Protein binding

A

drugs attach to protein molecules and travel to the site of action.

46
Q

albumin

A

the protein that drugs typically attach to

47
Q

Inactive Drug

A

When a drug is bound to protein it is inactive. Unbound drugs are free and active. MUST HAVE ADEQUATE ALBUMIN

48
Q

unbound drugs

A

Only unbound drugs can move through capillaries and have an effect. As a result, drugs can be stored and released as needed through protein binding.

49
Q

Hypoalbuminemia

A

must be monitored for excessive free drug in the body. Can cause increased risk for toxicity

50
Q

Drug ionization

A

Ionized drugs are positively charged and are not as easily absorbed as non-ionized drugs

51
Q

Metabolism

A

The method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body: occurs primarily in the liver

52
Q

Impact the efficacy of the drug

A

Diseases in liver, RBC, PLasma, Kidneys, Lungs, and GI mucosa impact the efficacy of the drug

53
Q

Cytochrome P450:

A

enzyme in liver primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs

54
Q

First Pass Effect

A

typically seen in oral medication. The concentration of the drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. Fraction of the drug lost in process of absorption.

55
Q

Enzymatic induction

A

chronic usage of a drug to liver and the liver produces more enzymes and the drug dosage must be increased because the metabolism is also increased.

56
Q

Enzyme Inhibition

A

2 drugs requiring the same enzyme to break them down are taken at the same time and the metabolism is decreased so dosage should be decreased or monitored for high “drug to remain”

57
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of medication from the body. Requires adequate function of organs of excretion.

58
Q

most important organ of excretion.

A

Liver

59
Q

Other organs that excrete

A

skin, saliva, lungs, bile, feces

60
Q

Factors affecting excretion:

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): should be more than 60 (kidney lab)
Blood uria nitrogen (BUN): 10-20mL/dL (kidney test)
Creatinine (CR+): 0.1-1.4 (kidney test)
Urine acidity: urine pH 4.5-8. Determines ionization acidic urine affects excretion of weak acids and bases (decreases reabsorption)

61
Q

Onset

A

Time it takes for a drug to produce a response

62
Q

Peak

A

time to reach highest concentration reached before next dose

63
Q

Trough

A

lowest level of concentration reached before next dose

64
Q

Duration

A

length of time that the concentration is great enough to produce a response

65
Q

Plateau

A

Maintained level of concentration with fixed dosages

66
Q

Half-Life

A

Time for excretion to lower the concentration by half

67
Q

Cross-tolerance:

A

tolerant to one drug and also to a drug with a similar effect
(Barbiturate and alcohol)

68
Q

Tolerance

A

the same dosage of the drug no longer elicits the same response

69
Q

Serum Drug Level:

A

a lab measurement of the amount of a given drug in the body at a particular time

70
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

margin between effectiveness and toxicity of medication

71
Q

Digoxin

A

heart medicine is an example of narrow TI with a TI of 0.5-2ng/mL

72
Q

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

A

Must be present for efficacy or for a drug response

73
Q

Loading dose

A

larger than normal volume of drug given initially to attain a more rapid therapeutic drug level of the drug to produce a response

74
Q

Toxic Concentration

A

Excessive level of medication in the bloodstream; caused by:
Single large dose, repeated small doses, slow metabolism of medicine

75
Q

Additive effects

A

two drugs doing the same thing taken together

76
Q

Synergism

A

combining drugs leads to larger than expected effect (drugs used have a different mechanism or act on a different site) increase response

77
Q

Interference

A

two drugs taken together where one drug affects metabolism of the second drug

78
Q

Displacement

A

two drugs are attracted to the same protein and the stronger one kicks off the weaker one.

79
Q

Antidote medication

A

counteract a medication given in too much volume, incorrectly, or on accident

80
Q

Adverse effects

A

any undesired response to medication administration

81
Q

NSED

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

82
Q

Nephrotoxicity

A

drugs that damage kidneys

83
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

allergic reactions to medications

84
Q

Serum Glucose Levels

A

medications that raise blood sugar. Not good for diabetics (steroids do this) 70-110=WNL

85
Q

Drug Fever

A

Drug triggers the temperature feature in brain and patient develops fever

86
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

unexplainable event upon first dosage–typically genetic

87
Q

Drug dependence

A

people become dependent on their medications

88
Q

Carcinogenicity

A

medications can cause cancer

89
Q

EMARS

A

electronic medication administration record system

90
Q

Medications most associated with errors

A

Insulin (subcutaneous)
Heparin blood thinner (IV or Sub Cue) (DVT-bloodclots-5000units/mL on first dose)
Warfarin: blood thinner (oral) pts with higher risk of blood clots

91
Q

Index for medication errors: A-I

A

A: No error.
B-D: error no harm.
E-H: error harm
I: error, death

92
Q

Z track injection

A

pulling skin towards you while administering med so the skin does not become irritated

93
Q

Phase 1

A

Determines if treatment is safe. Are there side effects? Does the treatment work better than current treatment? Involves 15-100 participants. Goal is to test safe dosages

94
Q

Phase 2

A

Determine how well the new treatment works? How it affects larger groups, how much is given to be effective, what types of diseases it treats. Typically about 50-300 people. Goal is to see if it is as effective as current treatments

95
Q

Phase 3

A

Compares new treatment with best available treatment. 300-3000 people. Only 10% of phase II become phase III

96
Q

Pediatric population

A

birth–18y/o

97
Q

IM muscles used for vaccines

A

deltoid or vastus lateralis

98
Q

Infants Age

A

4w–1year

99
Q

Toddler + Preschool:

A

1–5y/o

100
Q

School Aged

A

5–18y/o

101
Q

Child

A

1–12 y/o

102
Q

Adolescent

A

12-18 y/o

103
Q

Polypharmacy

A

many medications

104
Q

Prednisone

A

myalgia medication

Nursing (17 decks)

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