PH 101 - 8%

Question 1

Epidemiology definition

Answer 1

the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems

Question 2

What are the steps in a public health approach?

Answer 2

1. surveillance - What is the problem?
2. Risk factor identification - What is the cause?
3. Intervention Evaluation - What works?
4. Implementation - How do you solve the problem?

Question 3

What are the public health core sciences

Answer 3

• Prevention Effectiveness
• epidemiology
• laboratory
• informatics
• surveillance

Question 4

what are the purposes in public health of epidemiology?

Answer 4

• discover the agent host and environmental factors that affect health
• determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death
• identify the segments of the population that have the greatest risk of getting sick
• evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services improving population health

Question 5

What are the 4 steps in solving health problems?

Answer 5

1. Data Collection - surveillance (determine the time, place and person)
2. Assessment - Inference
3. Hypothesis testing - determine how and why
4. Action - intervention

Question 6

epidemic or outbreak definition

Answer 6

disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place

Question 7

cluster definition

Answer 7

group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected

Question 8

endemic definition

Answer 8

disease or condition present among a population at all times

Question 9

pandemic definition

Answer 9

a disease or condition that spreads across regions

Question 10

rate definition

Answer 10

number of cases occurring during a specific period ; always dependent on the size of the population during that period

Question 11

why are rates helpful?

Answer 11

rates help us compare health problems among different populations that include two or more groups who differ by a selected characteristic

Question 12

rate formula

Answer 12

rate(%) = number of cases
———————— x 100
population at risk

OR

rate(%) = number of cases/population at risk x100

Question 13

What should be determined first to being calculating the rate of an outbreak.

Answer 13

The number of cases of illness

Question 13

What do you need to calculate a rate?

Answer 13

the frequency -> the number of cases of the illness or condition, the size of the popuation at risk, the period during which we are calculating the rate

Question 14

What are the branches of epidemiology study types?

Answer 14

1st level: experimental and observational
2nd level: (under observational) descriptive and analytic

Question 15

what questions does descriptive epidemiology ask?

Answer 15

• When was the population affected?
• Where was the population affected?
• Who was affected?

Question 16

What question does analytic epidemiology ask?

Answer 16

• How was the population affected?
• Why was the population affected?
• somtimes comparing 2 groups???

Question 17

What are the 4 types of data sources?

Answer 17

1. Individual persons
2. environment
3. health care providers
4. non-health related sources (financial, legal)

Question 18

what are methods of data collection for individual persons?

Answer 18

• questionnaire
• survey

Question 19

what are methods of data collection for environment?

Answer 19

• samples from the environment (river, water, soil)
• sensors for environmental changes

Question 20

what are methods of data collection for health care providers?

Answer 20

notifications to health department if cases of certain diseases are observed

Question 21

what are methods of data collection for non-health related sources?

Answer 21

• sales records
• court records

Question 22

Why are studies conducted

Answer 22

studies are conduction in an attempt to discover associations between an exposure or risk factor and a health outcome

Question 23

How are participants selected for a cross-sectional study?

Answer 23

they are selected because they are members of a certain population subset at a certain time

Question 24

What are the types of studies?

Answer 24

• cross-sectional study
• cohort study
• case control study

Question 25

how are participants categorized in a cohort studies?

Answer 25

they are categorized on the basis of their exposure to one more risk factors

Question 26

How to case-control studies work?

Answer 26

subjects identifies as having a certain disease or condition are compared to subjects without the same disease or condition (ONLY FOR CONDITIONS NOT FOR LIFESTYLES OR OTHER THINGS)

Question 27

What are the steps involved in outbreak investigations?

Answer 27

• establishing the existence of an
  outbreak
• preparing for fieldwork
• verifying the diagnosis
• defining and identifying cases
• using descriptive epidemiology
• developing hypotheses
• evaluating the hypotheses
• refining the hypotheses
• implementing control and prevention
  measures
• communicating findings

Question 28

How many steps are there in outbreak investigation?

Answer 28

10

Question 29

What is step one in outbreak investigation? How do you it?

Answer 29

establishing the existence of an outbreak. You use data from data sources

Question 30

What is step two in outbreak investigation? How do you it?

Answer 30

Preparing for field work.
- research the disease
- gather supplies and equipment
- arrange travel

Question 31

What is step three in outbreak investigation? How do you it?

Answer 31

verifying the diagnosis
- speak with patients
- review laboratory findings and clinical test results

Question 32

What is step four in outbreak investigation? How do you it?

Answer 32

defining and identifying cases
- establish a case definition by using a standard set of criteria

Question 33

What is step five in outbreak investigation? How do you it?

Answer 33

using descriptive epidemiology
- describe and orient the data

Question 34

What is step six in outbreak investigation?

Answer 34

develop a focused hypothesis

Question 35

What is step seven in outbreak investigation?

Answer 35

evaluate the hypothesis for validity

Question 36

What is step eight in outbreak investigation?

Answer 36

refine the hypothesis as needed

Question 37

What is step nine in outbreak investigation? How do you it?

Answer 37

implement and control and prevention and measures
- control and prevent additional cases