Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HOSA > Lesson 2: History and Achievements of Epidemiology > Flashcards

Lesson 2: History and Achievements of Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who started Epidemiology 2,500 years ago?

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Hippocrates try to do?

A

Hippocrates attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational viewpoint rather than supernatural viewpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was hippocrates’ epidemiological work called and what did he suggest in it?

A

“On Airs, Waters and Places” he suggested that environmental and host factors such as behaviors, might influence the development of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who was John Graunt?

A

A London Haberdasher and councilman. He published landmark analysis of mortality data in 1662.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

John Graunt’s publication was the first to…

A

quantify patterns of birth, death and disease occurrence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did John Graunt’s publication note?

A

disparities between males/females (person), high infant mortality, urban/rural differences (place), and seasonal variations (time).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who is considered the father of modern vital statistics and surveillance?

A

William Farr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did William Farr do?

A

He developed many of basic practices epidemiologists use today, he built upon the work of John Graunt by systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality statistics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who is considered the father of the field of epidemiology?

A

John Snow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What year was John Graunt active in?

A

1662

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What year was William Farr active in?

A

1800

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What year was John Snow active in?

A

1854

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What disease did Snow study?

A

Cholera - to discover the cause of disease and to prevent recurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was John Snow’s first study?

A

he traced the death due to cholera and other factors and noticed a trend between the household’s water source and cholera. He linked it to a specific water well. Used 1854 data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was John Snow’s second study?

A

He used 1852 data and compared the incidence of cholera and which water company a household got their water from. Places serviced by downstream providers had higher incidences of cholera than those serviced by upstream providers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happened in epidemiology during the mid/late 1800s

A
  • epidemiological methods began to be applied in the investigation of disease occurrence
  • more people focuses on acute infections and diseases
  • it became common practice to compare rates of disease in subgroups of the human population in the 19th century
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happened in epidemiology between the 1930s to 1940s?

A

Epidemiologists extended their methods to noninfectious diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happened in epidemiology in the 1950s?

A

Richard Doll and Andrew Hill established the association between smoking and lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happened in epidemiology between the 1960s to 1970s?

A

Epidemiologists accomplished unprecedented eradication of naturally occurring smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happened in epidemiology in the 1980s

A

Epidemiology was extended to studies of injury and violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did Richard Doll and Andrew Hill do? When?

A

They studied the relationship between tobacco use and lung caner. This was during the 1950s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was a correlation discovered by Richard Doll and Andrew Hill

A

Male doctors born between 1900-1930 who smoked cigarettes died, on average, about 10 years younger than lifelong non-smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when the the related fields of molecular genetic epidemiology take root?

A

1990s

25
Q

What does molecular epidemiology do?

A

It measures exposure to specific substances and early biological response

26
Q

what is genetic epidemiology?

A

it deals with the etiology distribution and control of disease in groups of relatives and with inherited causes of disease in populations

27
Q

Genetic epidemiology establishes…

A
  • a genetic component to the disorder
  • the relative size of that genetic effect in the relation to other sources of variation in disease risk
  • the responsible gene(s)
28
Q

What are public health genetics?

A

the application of advances in genetics and molecular biotechnology to improve public health

29
Q

What does public health include?

A
  • population screening programs
  • organizing and evaluating programs
  • organizing and evaluating services for patients with genetic disorders
  • the impact of genetics on medical practice
30
Q

When was the eradication of smallpox?

A

1980

31
Q

when was the cowpox infection found to have protection against the smallpox virus?

A

1790s

32
Q

What parts of epidemiology were central to the eradication of smallpox?

A
  • Providing information about the distribution of cases and the model mechanisms and levels of transmission
  • Mapping outbreaks of the disease
  • evaluating control measures
33
Q

What aspects of smallpox made it easy to eradicate?

A
  • there was no animal host
  • and low average number of secondary cases
34
Q

When was the ten-year smallpox eradication programme implanted by the WHO

A

1967

35
Q

When was small pox eradicated?

A

May 8th 1980

36
Q

What features of smallpox were determined using epidemiological methods

A
  • there are no non-human hosts
  • there are no subclinical carriers
  • recovered patients are immune and cannot transmit the infection
  • naturally occuring smallpox does not spread as rapidly as other infectious disease such as measles or pertussis
  • transmission is generally via lon-lasting human-human contact
  • most patients are bedridden when they become infectious which limits transmission
37
Q

Mercury became a symbol of…

A

the dangers of environmental pollution

38
Q

In the 1950s what happened in regards to methylmercury poisoning

A

Mercury compounds were released with the water discharged from a factory in Minamata Japan into a small bay

39
Q

What happened after the methylmercury was released?

A

It led to an accumulation of methylmercury in fish, causing severe poisoning in people who ate the fish.

40
Q

What was the first known outbreak of methymercury poisoning

A

Minamata Japan Bay. It was also one of the first reported epidemics of disease caused by environemntal pollution

41
Q

What is Rheumatic fever associated with?

A

It is associated with poverty, in particular poor housing and overcrowding. These conditions favor the spread of streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections

42
Q

What is the state of rheumatic fever right today?

A

It has almost dissapeared from most high-income countries but pockets of relaticely high incidence still exist among socially and econominally isadvatanged populations

43
Q

What does Iodine Deficiency Disease cause?

A

a losss of physical and mental energy associated with inadequate production of the iodine-containing thyroid hormone

44
Q

Where does Iodine deficiency disease commonly occur?

A

certain mountainous regions

45
Q

When was the goitre and cretinism were first describedin detail?

A

Roughly 400 years ago

46
Q

What happened in 1915 in relation to Iodine Deficiency Disease?

A

In 1915, endemic goitre was named as the easiest known disease to prevent and use of iodized salt for goitre control was proposed the same year in Swizterland

47
Q

When was iodized salt introduced on a community scale in many coutries?

A

1924

48
Q

Why is the use of iodized salt effective?

A

it is effective because salt is used by all classes of society at roughly the same level throughout the year.

49
Q

What was the firs larg-scale trial with iodized salt?

A

In ohio USA, on 500 grils between 11 and 18 years old

50
Q

When was the dramtic increase on lung cancer and in what population?

A

In the 1930s initially in men

51
Q

What is the main cuase of lung cancer death rates

A

tobacco use

52
Q

t are other exposures that contribute to the increased lung cancer burden

A

asbestos dust and urban eai pollution

53
Q

How does the risk of hip fractures increase

A

with age as a result of age-related decreased bone mass at the proximal femur and age-related increase in falls

54
Q

Wen was the acquired immunodefiency syndrom firs identified as a distinct disease entity?

A

1981 USA

55
Q

How many people were estimated to have human immunodefiency virus by 1990

A

10 million people

56
Q

What has the state of HIV and AIDS been since 1990?

A
  • 25 million people of died of AIDS
  • and a further 40 million have been infected with HIV
  • THIS MAKES IT ONE OF THE MSOT DESTRUCTIVE INFECTIOUS DISEASE EPIDEMICS IN RECORDED HISTORY
57
Q
A
58
Q

What is the distribution of AIDS cases in the world?

A
  • 95% occured in low/middle income countries
  • 70% occuring in subSaharan AFrica
  • 20% in Asia
59
Q

What was the outcome of SARS?

A

more than 8000 cases and approximately 900 deaths in 12 countries

HOSA (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions