Petrides Ventrolateral Frontal Region 2016 (Chap 3)

Question 1

Which area is strongly connected to 6VC and Area 4

Answer 1

• Somatosensory cortical areas on the postcentral gyrus.
• This format a local peri-central association system

Question 2

What connects areas 6VR and 44 to the most anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 2

Third branch of the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

(SLF III)

Question 3

What is the morphological entity formed by the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 3

• Supramarginal gyrus
  
  • Occupied by:
    
    • area PF anteriorly
    • area PFG posteriorly

Question 4

How is Area 45 connected?

Answer 4

• Connected to:
  
  • Area PG via SLF II
  • Auditory Association Cortical Areas via Extreme Capsule Fasciculus

Question 5

Extreme Capsule Fasciculus

Answer 5

Bundle of axons

Question 6

Which area is strongly linked to area PF?

Answer 6

6VR

Question 7

Which area is strongly connected with area PFG?

Answer 7

Area 44 (Pars Opercularis)

Question 8

Areas 44 and 6VR:

Answer 8

• Strongly linked to areas PFG and PF (respectively)
• Both linked with the cortex in the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus (Area AIP in red)

Question 9

Area 44

Answer 9

Receives minor connections from the mid-temporal auditory and multimodal temporal cortex via the extreme capsule fasciculus

Question 10

Which areas are Broca’s Area?

Answer 10

Areas 44 and 45

Question 11

Arcuate Fasciculus

Answer 11

• Bundle of axons arching at the end of the Sylvian (lateral) fissure.
• Was considered the main pathway connecting temporal language comprehension and the ventrolateral frontal region for speech generation

Question 12

Do we know where the arcuate fasciculus start and finish in the human brain?

Answer 12

No, but we know that in the macaque monkey, it originated from the crown of the most posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus and terminates not in area 44 but in the dorsal premotor region and adjacent dorsal prefrontal area 8Ad.

Question 13

Where are the neurons that project to area 44?

Answer 13

In the Superior Temporal Sulcus

Question 14

Peri-central sensorimotor circuit

Answer 14

• Formed by:
  
  • local association fibres
  • Link Areas 4 and 6VC with the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus

Question 15

Function of the Peri-Central Sensorimotor Circuit

Answer 15

• Underlies the most detailed aspects of orofacial articulation
  
  • A lesson on the pericentral sensorimotor circuit results in articulatory deficits

Question 16

What links Areas 6VR and 44 to the supramarginal cortex?

Answer 16

SFL III

Question 17

Parieto-frontal circuit

Answer 17

Formed by the SFL III and arcuate fasciculus.

Function: involved in phonological processing

Question 18

What part of the brain is a multimodal cortical region with a focus on an integrated representation fo the body?

Answer 18

Supramarginal gyrus

Question 19

Area 45 is connected to what and via what?

Answer 19

• via SLF II:
  
  • Angular Gyrus (PG area)
• via Capsule Fasciculus
  
  • Superior Temporal Gyrus
  • Superior Temporal Sulcus
  • Middle Temporal Gyrus
• [not mentioned]
  
  • All other prefrontal areas
    
    • Prefrontal monitoring system (46, 9/46)
    • Posterior Dorsolateral Attentional Systems (8Av, 8Ad, 8B)
    • Orbifrontal emotional and motivational control systems
    • Auditory and semantic temporal and parietal information processing systems

Question 20

Which are is tha Great Prefrontal Integrator?

Answer 20

Area 45

Question 21

Extreme Capsule Fasciculus

Answer 21

Possibly the ventral language system underlying semantic processing.

Question 22

Functioning of Area 45

Answer 22

• Controlled retrieval information (both hemispheres)
• Left hemisphere:
  
  • Language specific information retrieval:
    
    • verbal info acquired in specific context
    • words in category
    • synonyms in a language
    • corresponding words across languages
    • processing in the semantic system

Question 23

What are the 3 distinct distributed neural circuits in the ventrolateral frontal region of the primate brain?

Answer 23

• Controlled retreival (areas 45 and 46/12)
• Phonological circuit
• Sensorimotor peri-central circuit

Question 24

What happens if you damage the dorsolateral prefrontal areas?

Answer 24

Impairments in working memory, attention control but no obvious impairment in language or comprehension.

Question 25

Which region is critical in monitoring information in working memory?

Answer 25

Mid-dorsal prefrontal cortical region

In left hemisphere, impairment in monitoring verbal information in working memory.