Intro to Brain Anatomy-Lateral View Flashcards
Central Nervous System
CNS
Composed of the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
PNS
Composed of all parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and the spinal cord.
Name the places pointed in red
A) Cerebrum
B) Hypothalamus
C) Corpus Callosum
D) Thalamus
What are the anatomical orientations?
- Anterior = rostral
- Posterior = caudal
- Superior = dorsal
- Inferior = ventral
and
- lateral = towards the side
- medial = towards the midline
Place the orientations in the following image:
Name the different ways to “slice” the brain
- Sagittal
- Coronal
- Horizontal/Axial
What does Sagittal mean?
You cut the brain following the natural division of the hemispheres.
What does coronal mean?
You cut the brain along the x-axis where the x-axis goes from the anterior (front) part of the brain to the posterior (back) of the brain.
What does horizontal/axial mean?
You cut the brain along the y-axis so from ventral (inferior) to dorsal (superior) part of the brain.
Cerebrum
Voluntary movements, sensations, learning, remembering, thinking, emotion, consciousness.
Surface: Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Control of hunger, thirst, temperature and other visceral and bodily functions.
Corpus Callosum
Band of fibres connecting the two hemispheres.
Thalamus
Relay station to cortex for sensory information.
Name the parts of the neuron and what they do.
Who discovered the neuron?
Ramon y Cajal
Name the two components of the brain and give a short description.
Grey matter: It is grey because of the density of the cell bodies of the neurons.
White matter: It is white because of the myelin sheath that covers the axons of the neurons.
Myelin Sheath
Fatty substance to enhance conduction of electrical signal down the axon.
True or False
You have myelin in the grey matter.
False, there are axons in the grey matter but they are so small that they do not need the myelin sheath.
True or False
Dendrites are part of the white matter.
False
Components of the grey matter
-
Cerebral cortex:
- Seat of higher cognitive processes
-
Subcortical Structures:
- More primitive controls
- breathing
- heart rate
- alertness
- etc…
- More primitive controls
Cerebral Cortex
- Continuous sheet of tissue
- not homogenous
- cytoarchitectonic areas
- not homogenous
- Has expanded over evolution
- Human cortex is the most convoluted of any primate brain
- Folded into:
- suci
- gyri
- fissures
- 2/3 rds of the cortex is hidden within the suci and fissures
- Not random: Consistent patterns across individuals
- Certain sulci or gyri show strong relations to specific functional processes
- They allow you to identify where certain functions take place in the brain
Sulci
Are the valleys that you find in the brain where as fissures are deeper valleys.
Gyri
The hills that you find in the wrinkles of the brain.
How do we map cortical folds?
(before and now)
slides 15 to 17
- 19th century: it was possible to harden the brain with alcohol
- relatively consistent patterns across individuals
- Certain correlations with functional processes
- Post-mortem
- Surface analysis and restricted sample size
- Today:
- Neuroimaging tools
- many subjects
- 3D
- MRI
- sulcus on the surface of the cortex to its depth
- Petrides lab
- Neuroimaging tools
Lobes of the Brain
- Frontal lobe (red)
- Parietal lobe (beige)
- Temporal lobe (blue)
- Occipital lobe (green)
- (Insular lobe (purple))
- (Limbic lobe (yellow))
Frontal Lobe
- Voluntary motor control
- Working memory functions
- Broca’s area for speech production
Parietal Lobe
- Somatosensory processing (sensations anywhere)
- Dorsal stream of vision where
- Reading functions
- Writing functions
- Spatial processing
Occipital Lobe
- Visual Processing
Temporal Lobe
- Auditory processing
- Wernicke’s area for language comprehension
- Ventral stream of vision what
- Smell processing
- Memory consolidation
Which sulci establish the 4 lobes?
- Central Sulcus
- Parieto-occipital Fissure
- Pre-Occipital notch
- Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)
Suci and Gyri in Frontal Lobe
- Central sulcus
- Pre-central Gyrus
- Superior Pre-central sulcus
- Inferior Pre-central sulcus
- Superior Frontal Gyrus
- Superior Frontal Sulcus
- Medial Frontal Sulcus
- Inferior Frontal Sulcus
- Inferior Frontal Gyrus
- Horizontal Ramus (of the lateral fissure)
- Intermediate Frontal Sulcus
Sulci and Gyri in Parietal Lobe
- Central Sulcus
- Post-central Gyrus
- Superior Post-central Sulcus
- Inferior Post-central Sulcus
- Superior Parietal Lobule
- Intraparietal Sulcus
- Supresmarginal Gyrus
- Posterior Ascending Ramus (of lateral fissure)
- down
- Superior Temporal Sulcus
- up-right
- Angular Gyrus
- Parieto-Occipital Fissure
NOTE:
- Inferior Parietal Lobule
- Supramarginal Gyrus
- Angular Gyrus
Suldi and Gyri in Temporal Lobe
- Sylvian Fissure
- Superior Temporal Gyrus
- Superior Temporal Sulcus
- Middle Temporal Gyrus
- Inferior Temporal Sulcus
- Inferior Temporal Gyrus
Peri-central Region
The peri-central region is composed by:
- Pre-central Gyrus
- Post-central Gyrus
- Central Sulcus
What did Penfield do?
- Dr. Penfield stimulated the Peri-central region and mapped the somatotopic organization of these gyri.
- Pre-central gyrus = Motor cortex (M1)
- Post-central gyrus = Somatosensory cortex (S1)
Which gyrus is also called the Motor Cortex?
- Pre-central gyrus
- Voluntary control of the opposite side of the body (compared to the hemisphere)
Which gyrus is called the Somatosensory cortex?
- Post-central gyrus
- Sensations coming from the opposite side of the body (depending on the hemisphere)
What does Homunculus mean?
Little man
Name the parts of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus
- Pars Triangularis
- Pars Orbitalis
- Pars Opercularis
