Lecture 8: Language Flashcards
What are the different aspects of language?
- Comprehension
- Production
- Reading
- Writing
True or False
The network whose functionality is language involves ONLY areas of the brain that are language specific.
False, language involved many non-language specific areas for example:
vision, working memory, motor functions, auditory processing, etc…
What constitutes the Inferior Frontal Gyrus?
- Broca’s area
- Which is composed of Brodmann areas 44 and 45
- Function:
- Speech production
Which were Broca’s patients?
- Lelong and Leborgne
**What was Tan’s real name and where was his lesion?
- Leborgne
- Inferior frontal region
What were the symptoms displayed by Leborgn and Lelong?
- Leborgne:
- could only say ‘Tan’
- Lelong:
- could only used a few words
True or False
Lelong had language comprehension intact but Lebornge did not.
False. It was concluded for both that their language comprehension was intact.
True or False
There was no clear evidence that specific damage to Broca’s area would cause the same language production deficits.
True
What are the regions for speech production?
- Broca’s area
- Anterior Insula (left)
- Basal ganglia
- Cerebellum
What is the role of the anterior insula on the left hemisphere in speech production?
- Coordination of speech articulation
- Part of the orofacial motor system
What is the role of the basal ganglia in speech production?
- Cognitive control
- Support selection of appropriate phonological and articulatory representations of lexical items
What is the role of the Precentral region of the Insula in speech production?
- Orofacial musculature control
What is the role of the cerebellum in speech production?
- Motor planning and control
Who established the core language regions during neurosurgical operations?
- Penfield
What was Penfield’s important contribution and how did he did it?
- He established the core language regions
- He would electrically stimulate neurosurgery patients.
- Goal: stimulate brain areas and see how it interfere with speech
- Procedure:
- Ask patient to count, name pictures or objects or be silent
-
vocalisation: Spontaneous production of speech on silent patients
- Orofacial region (pre-central gyrus)
-
disruption of speech: Interference with the motor production of words or incorrect naming
- ventral precentral regions and supplementary motor region
What happens if you electrically stimulate the pre-central areas?
- Evoke sound or vocalisation
What happens if you electrically stimulate area 44?
- speech arrest
Area 45
- Pars Triangularis
- Active retrieval of information before it can be articulated
- Strong connection with auditory and semantics processing in temporal areas
- Strong connections with other frontal areas
- Integration and selective retrieval of information
Area 44
- Pars opercularis
- Between cognitive retrieval (area 45) and motor/articulatory area (area 6)
- Translate info to action
- Strong connections to the supramarginal gyrus (phonological processing)
Which are the Peri-Sylvian Areas?
- Broca’s Area:
- Areas 44, 45
- Orififacial motor system (area 6)
Which region is the critical region for auditory language comprehension?
Superior Temporal Gyrus
What are the aspects of comprehension of language?
- Acoustic-phonological analysis of the speech input
-
Heschl’s gyrus (Areas 41 and 42 )
- Primary Auditory Cortex
- Function:
- Processing of any type of sound
-
STG and STS (area 22)
- Secondary Auditory Cortex
- Function:
- differentiate speech versus nonspeech
-
Heschl’s gyrus (Areas 41 and 42 )
- Syntactic and semantic processing:
-
MTG:
- Comprehension of words
-
STG:
- Anterior:
- syntactic structure
- also semantic
- Posterior:
- semantics
- grammar aspects
- Anterior:
-
MTG:
What is involved in sentence processing?
- Acoustic-phonological analysis
- Sentence-level processing:
- Local phrase is built on the basis of word categories
- Syntactic and semantic relations:
- interpretation and comprehension
What is the role of the Inferior Parietal Lobule in language?
- Reading and writing
- Geschwind’s territory
What is the role of the supramarginal gyrus in language?
Phonological processing
Dejerine’s patients had impaired reading and writing. Where did they had their lesions?
Angular gyrus
What constitutes the IPL?
Supramarginal gyrus and Angular gyrus
What area of the brain did Penfield, Wernicke and Dejerine worked on?
- Penfield:
- Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Broca’s area, or areas 44, 45 and 6)
- Wernicke:
- Posterior temporal regions
- STG
- Posterior temporal regions
- Dejerine:
- Inferior Pariteal Lobule (IPL)
What are the connections within the language network?
- There are short and long-range connections:
- Short: within an area
- Long: across areas
- Dual stream model:
-
Dorsal:
- auditory-motor integration
-
Ventral:
- mapping sound-to-meaning
-
Dorsal:
How do Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area communicate?
- Through the Arcuate Fasciculus
- This is the classic language pathway
- Posterior temporal with ventrolateral frontal
-
Lesions:
-
Conduction aphasia
- impairment of repetition of speech
-
Conduction aphasia
True or False
AF can be divided into two branches for language.
True:
- Dorsal:
- Frontal lobe for attentional control (auditory frontal attention)
- Ventral:
- Connecting IFG
What are the components of SLF?
- SLF I
- SLF II
- Stronger connections with area 45
- Connections with Angular gyrus
- Semantic processing with verbal retreival
- SLF III
- Stronger connection to area 44
- resting state in humans
- Connections to the supramarginal gyrus with Brocas
- Articulatory loop
- Involved in phonological processing
- Stronger connection to area 44
What is the role of the Fronto-Temporal Extrem Capsule Fasciculus in language?
- Connects frontal region with supero-lateral temporal region
- Runs under the insula
- Function:
- Long-term storage of semantic information
- ventral stream of language
- Controlled retrieval and selection among competing semantic representations
Differences in functionality between AF and TFexcF
- AF:
- map phonemic representations onto motor representations
- TFexcF:
- Connects middle temporal areas (lexical and semantic processing)
- Derive meaning
- Both interact closely
