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PSYC311: Human Cognition and the Brain > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Motor cortex
    • motor control
    • First cortex to develop
  • Primary Motor Cortex
    • M1
    • Area 4
  • Premotor Cortex
    • Area 6
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2
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Language
  • Epoptic processing
  • Executive functions
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3
Q

Language

A
  • Speech production:
    • Areas 44, 45
    • Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG)
  • Reading, writing, phonological and semantic:
    • Parietal lobe
  • Speech comprehension:
    • Wernicke’s Area Posterior Temporal
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4
Q

Epoptic Processing

A
  • Monitoring
    • keeping information online
  • Middle Frontal Gyrus (MFG)
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5
Q

Executive Functions

A
  • Temporal organization of goal-directed actions
  • Attention
  • Planning
  • Organization
  • Decision making
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6
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A
  • Strongly connected to the Amygdala by the Uncinate fasciculus
  • Reasoning and emotional processing
  • impulse control
  • regulate emotions
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7
Q

Insula

A
  • Within the Syilvian Fissure
  • Somatic-visceral sensations
    • tongue, lips, face
  • Neuroimaging:
    • Sensory-motor control
      • Autonomic control (heartbeat, breathing, etc)
      • Visceral sensations
    • Introception:
      • How the body feels
    • Socio-emotional
    • Olfactory and gustatory regions
  • Cognitive:
    • Attention
    • Speech production
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8
Q

Operculum

A
  • Covers the Insula
  • Frontal Operculum
  • Temporal Operculum
  • Parietal operculum
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9
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Somatosensory cortex:
    • Areas 3, 1 and 2
  • Spatial functions
    • Relation of objects in space
  • Language:
    • Reading and writing, semantics and phonological
  • Dorsal stream (where?)
  • Multisensory information
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10
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Auditory Processing
    • Primary Auditory Area
      • BA 41, 42
    • Secondary Auditory Area
      • BA 22
  • Wernicke’s Area
    • Speech comprehension
  • Ventral stream of vision
    • What?
  • Hippocampus
    • memory
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11
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Posterior temproral
  • Speech comprehension
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12
Q

Limbic Cortex

A
  • Behavioural and emotional response
  • Survival
  • Composed of:
    • Cingulate cortex
    • Parahippocampal gyrus
    • Hippocampus
      • Production of hormones
      • Regulations of hunger, thirst, mood, etc
    • Amygdala
      • Emotions
    • Thalamus
      • Connects to Cingulate cortex
    • Basal Ganglia
      • Reward processing
      • Habit formation
      • learning
      • movement
      • Also involved in the actions of the limbic system
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13
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • Processing of visual information
  • Primary visual area
    • V1
    • BA 17
  • Secondary visual area
    • V2
    • BA 18
  • Associative visual areas:
    • V3, V4, V5
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14
Q

Different Lessions

A
  • Brain tumors
  • Cerbrovascular Accidents (strokes)
  • head Injuries (trauma)
  • Diffuse Axonal Injury
  • Disconnection Syndromes
  • Epilepsy
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15
Q

Brain Tumors

A
  • Cancerous growth inside the brain
    • Glioma
    • Meningioma
      • Cancerous growth between the brain and the skull
  • Can:
    • Affect or destroy neurons
    • Destroy axons
    • Push brain into/away from the skull
  • Types of tumors:
    • I, II, III, IV
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16
Q

Glioma

A
  • Tumor from the glia cells
  • Most tumors
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17
Q

Glia cells

A
  • Tumor: Glioma
  • Types:
    • Microglia
    • Oligodendrocytes
    • Astrocytes
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18
Q

Meningioma

A
  • Tumor from the meninges
  • Grows between the skull and the brain
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19
Q

Meninges

A
  • The three membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.
    • Dura mater
    • Arachnoid mater
    • Pia mater
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20
Q

Which types of tumors are hard to study and why?

A
  • Types III and IV
  • They grow really fast
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21
Q

Cerebrovascular Accidents

Strokes

A
  • Interruption of blood supply in an area of the brain
  • 2 ways:
    • Ischemic stroke
    • Hemorrhagic stroke
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22
Q

Ischemic stroke

A
  • Obstruction due to blood cloth
    • in a brain area
  • local
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23
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A
  • Defect of membrane in blood vessel
    • Causes aneurism
    • Can burst:
      • bleeding inside the brain
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24
Q

Name the 3 main arteries of the brain

A
  • Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
  • Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
  • Middle cerebral artery
25
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A
  • ACA
  • Supplies the upper part and the medial surface
  • In purple
26
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A
  • PCA
  • Supplies the occipital areas and part of the temporal lobe
  • In blue in the image:
27
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A
  • Along the Sivian Fissure
  • A lot of branches
  • Supplies the lateral surface of the brain:
    • Frontal
    • Parietal
    • Temporal
28
Q

Head Injuries

Trauma

A
  • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
    • Sudden damage to the brain caused by violent blow or jolt of the head
    • Can be:
      • Open
      • Closed
      • ​Focal
        • ​Penetration wound, open fracture, laceration, hematoma, contusion
      • Diffused
        • ​Concussion, axonal lessions
        • ex:
          • Diffuse Axonal Injury
          • hypoxic brain damage
          • brain swelling
          • vascular injury
29
Q

Diffuse Axonal Injury

A
  • One type of diffuse brain damage
  • No intracranial haematoma
  • Shearing injury
  • Happen when head is rapidly accelerated:
    • Car accident
    • Shaken baby syndrome
  • Often causes unconsciousness and vegetative state
30
Q

Disconnection Syndromes

A
  • Injuries to white matter
  • Closed Head Trauma
  • Example of how CHT can happen:
    • deep contusions causing damaged fibre in the corpus callosum
31
Q

Closed Head Trauma

A
  • CHT
  • Can affect white matter by:
    • shear and stretch forces that distort the axons
    • Vascular disruption and edema
32
Q

Epilepsy

A
  • Abnormal discharge in a part of the brain that extends to other parts of the brain
    • Partial seizures
    • Unilateral seizures
33
Q

Partial Seizures

A
  • Focal seizures
  • Neural discharge in one area of the brain
  • Two types:
    • Simple partial seizures
      • Focal abnormalities
      • Local symptoms
    • Complex partial seizures
      • ​Symptoms of disruptions of higher mental functions
34
Q

Unilateral Seizure

A
  • Spread over wide area in one hemisphere
  • Clinical phenomenon: contralateral
35
Q

Epilepsy Treatments

A
  • Medication
    • antiepileptic
  • Surgery
    • When medication doesn’t work
    • 1) Find Foyer
    • 2) Removal of the source of abnormal discharges
36
Q

How do we find the source of the abnormal discharges?

A
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG)
    • Measures electrical activity in brain
37
Q

How do we predict which cognitive functions will be affected by a brain surgery?

A
  • Neuropsychological test
    • tests the cognitive functions of the individual before and after the surgery
    • Tests:
      • Memory
      • Language
      • Executive functions
        • Winsconsin test
38
Q

How do we know which parts of the brain are in charge of certain functions?

A
  • We use the Penfield and the Montreal Procedure
  • Modern presurgical mapping
    • fMRI allows you to localize the functions in each individual
      • brain might be distorted by a lesson or tumor
        • Functional reorganization
39
Q

Neuropsychology

A
  • Pierre Paul Broca
    • Patient Tan
      • Had a stroke
      • Could only say tan
      • Autopsy:
        • very localized damage in the left frontal lobe
          • Broca’s Area
  • Brenda Milner
    • Student of Dr. Penfield
    • Studied patient H.M.
      • Removed hippocampus and adjacent structure
      • Couldn’t form new memories
    • Dicovered role of hippocampus in memory
40
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A
  • fMRI
  • Spatial resolution
    • temporal not great
      • no “live” reading
  • measures changes in blood consumption in brain areas where neurons are active
    • BOLD signal:
      • Blood Oxygen-Level Dependant signal
41
Q

What is Resting-state fMRI?

A
  • fMRI measurement taken when the patient is in a resting-state
    • when the patient is not doing any activity
42
Q

What can you do with a Resting-state fMRI?

A
  • You can study
    • networks
    • connectivity
      • within a network
      • From a specific seed (brain area) to the rest of the brain
      • Extra connectivity values from 2 specific brain areas
43
Q

When we talk about connectivity, what does seed mean?

A

Seed refers to an area of the brain from which the connectivity starts.

44
Q

What is task-based fMRI?

A
  • Goal: It is the localization of activations or functions.
  • Need:
    • a task (passive or active)
    • contrasts/ control conditions
    • any stimuli (including meditation, sensation, auditory, visual, emotional)
  • What can it do?
    • Extract specific functions
    • Study development
  • Description:
    • The patient is doing some activity specific to stimulate the part of the brain which is specific to a function. The fMRI let us see which areas of the brain are activated by the activity.
45
Q

What are the Resting-state networks?

A
  • These are spontaneous or intrinsic brain activation
  • It is an index of how the brain is organized
46
Q

Provide the name of the resting-state fMRIs in the image bellow:

A
  1. Default-Mode Network (DMN)
  2. Sensorimotor Component
  3. Visual Component
  4. Executive Control Component
  5. Fronto-Parietal Component
  6. Fronto-Parietal Component
  7. Auditory Component
  8. Temporo-Parietal Component
47
Q

What is seed-based resting-state?

A
  • Use a region of interest (ROI) as seed:
    • This allows you to see what other regions of the brain are connected to the seed
48
Q

What is a problem that seed-based resting-state fMRIs have?

A

You don’t know which region of the brain is sending information to which region of the brain. In other words, you don’t know which area was active first.

49
Q

What are fMRI Contrasts?

A
  • It is a baseline of a specific function of the brain
    • Ex) To study the phonological working memory task, since we want to identify the working memory, we can take as baseline the brain activity for sound detection (Auditory Component)
50
Q

How do we use fMRI Contrasts?

A
  • Goal: Isolate network to a given function
  • Ex) Phonological Working memory:
    • Baseline: Auditory component
    • Task network
    • Result: Task Network - Baseline (subtract the activation from the baseline to the task fMRI to get the areas that are only related to working memory)
51
Q

Give an example of fMRI tasks:

A

Semantic Incongruences

52
Q

What questions can you answer with fMRI?

A
  • Study the normal brain:
    • localize functions
  • Study the functional effect of lesions
  • Presurgical mapping
  • Compare groups
  • Effect of learning
53
Q

Give an example of a Learning study

A
  • Participants:
    • Eglish speakers (L1)
    • Intensive French learning (L2)
  • Procedure
    • Same task at time 1 and time 2
  • Contrasts:
    • Compare languages
    • Compare time 1 and time 2
54
Q

How does the autistic brain work differently?

A

Task: Reasoning task

Performance: both as good

Brain activation:

  • In a typical brain:
    • There is more activation in the frontal, parietal lobes
  • In an autistic brain:
    • More activation in the occipital lobe
55
Q

What are PET scans?

A
  • Consist of injecting a radioactive substance in the blood
  • Measure:
    • variations in blood flow associated with cerebral functions
      • It shows which areas of the brain are active
56
Q

EEG

A

ElectroEncephalGraphy

  • Electrodes on the skull
  • Detects variation of electrical potential emitted by groups of neurons
  • Very good temporal resolution but not spatial (not specific)
57
Q

MEG

A

MagnetoEncephaloGraphy

  • Measures magnetic field
  • Better spatial resolution
  • Very good temporal resolution
58
Q

Spatial and Temporal Resolution of different types of scans

PSYC311: Human Cognition and the Brain (26 decks)

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