Lecture 21, 22: Frontal Lobes (Lateral Aspect) Flashcards
Where is the frontal lobe?
Anterior to the Central sulcus
Name all the sulci and gyri in the frontal lobe
- Central sulcus
- Precentral gyri
- Superior Precentral sulcus
- Inferior Precentral sulcus
- Superior frontal gyrus
- Superior frontal sulcus
- Middle frontal gyrus
- Inferior frontal sulcus
- Inferior frontal gyrus
Name the areas in this image by their names not their Brodmann areas:
- No color
- Beige to Brown
- Purple
- Purple and Beige (47/12, 45, 44)
- Purple and Beige to Brown
- Green, yellow and blue
- Red
- Precentral Gyrus: Motor and Premotor (4, 6)
- Pars Triangularis, Pars Opercularis: Broca’s Area (45, 44)
- Pars Obirtalis and adjacent cortex (47/12)
- Mid-ventrolateral PFC (45, 47/12)
- Ventrolateral PFC (47/12, 45, 44)
- Dorsolateral PFC (9, 46, 9/46)
- Fronto-polar region (10)
Where is the prefrontal cortex?
Part of the Frontal Lobe anterior to the Precentral gyrus (excluding the Fronto-polar region)
What Brodmann area is the Premotor cortex?
6
Brodmann area of the Pars Triangularis
45
Brodmann areas of the Prefrontal cortex
- 8
- 9
- 9/46
- 46
- 44
- 45
- 47/12
Brodmann area of the Motor cortex
4
Brodmann area of the Pars Orbicularis
47/12
Brodmann area of the Pars Opercularis
44
Which area is responsible for fine motor movement?
Motor cortex
What area(s) is (are) responsible for Language in the PFC?
Borca’s Area:
45, 44
What does PFC mean?
Pre-frontal cortex
What area of the PFC is responsible for articulation?
44 (Pars Opercularis)
Brodmann area of the mid-dorsolateral PFC?
9, 46, 9/46
Brodmann area of the Posterior dorsolateral PFC?
8 and rostral 6
Brodmann area of the Mid-ventrolateral PFC?
45, 47/12
Brodmann area of the Fronto-polar region?
10
Which area of the PFC is responsible for the cognitive and active retrieval of information from memory?
45 (Pars Triangularis)
Which part of the Frontal lobe is granular? agranular?
- Agranular: Precentral gyrus
- Granular: PFC
What does granular and agranular mean?
- Agranular: no clear layer IV
- Granular: Clear separation between layers III and V
True or False
The frontal lobes are the ‘seat of intelligence’
False
True or False
If you damage your frontal lobe you lose all of your intellectual function.
False
True or False
Patients with frontal lesions perform adequately on the traditional tests measuring:
- intelligence
- perception
- short-term memory
True
True or False
Patients with frontal lesions can do everything, including planning and organizing everyday activities.
False
Struggle to organize everyday activities.
What is a problem with the studies of patients with frontal lesions?
They are not specific
What tests can we use to assess frontal lobe function?
- Tests of divergent thinking
- Fluency tasks
- Temporal ordering tasks
- Recency discrimination tasks
- Self-ordered pointing task
What is the Test for convergent thinking?
- Ask questions to the patient which have a unique answer.
- Ex: The sun is a star
- not sensitive to frontal lobe damage
What is the Tests for divergent thinking?
- Ask questions to the patient and ask to provide different answers to the same question
- Sensitive to frontal lobe damage
- This task requires creativity to come up with answers
What is the Fluency task?
- There are two types of fluency tasks:
- Verbal
- Non-Verbal
What is a Verbal Fluency task?
- Produce as many 4-letter words as possible in a limited amount of time
- Use dominant left hemisphere
- Patients:
- very little spontaneous speech
What is Non-verbal Fluency task?
- Draw as many different abstract designs as possible in a limited amount of time
- Uses non-dominant right hemisphere
What is the recency discrimination task?
- Uses verbal and non-verbal material
- Goal: discriminate between the items shown most recently vs the items shown a long time ago
- Frontal lobe lesion patients are impaired
Who created the Recency discrimination tasks?
Philip Corsi
True or False
Patients with damage on the medial temporal region are impaired in the recency discrimination tasks.
False, patients with damage on the medial temporal region are not impaired in these tasks
What is the procedure when using the recency discrimination tasks?
Verbal condition
- Show many cards in sequence
- Each card has two words
- Some cards have a “?”
- Q: Which item of the two words did you see more recently?
Image example of card:
What is a normal performance in the recency discrimination task (verbal)?
70%
What is the procedure when using the Recency discrimination task (non-verbal)?
- Show many cards of images (images could be drawings of object or abstract paintings)
- Each card has two images
- Some have a “?”
- Q: Which of the two have you seen more recently?
What part of the brain is tested by the non-verbal recency discrimination task?
nondominant right hemisphere
What is the self-ordered pointing task?
- Stimuli:
- concrete words
- abstract words
- representational drawings
- abstract designs
- Patients see a card with images and they have to pick an object towards which they point
- Next card has the same images but in different locations
- The patient has to point to a different image that they pointed previously
- The patient has to keep track of which images they pointed before
How do Frontal patients react to the tests?
- They respond normally to environmental stimuli
- difficulty in using these stimuli to regulate their actions
- May fail to use verbal feedback
- Persevere with response even when they are wrond
- Rule-breaking behaviour on experimental tasks
- can’t follow instructions