Perspectives Flashcards
Evolutionary Perspective
Puts together the Functionalism and biological Theory. Provides logical explanations for why we have many psychological characteristics.
- Biological Theory
- Biological Preparedness
- Survival of the fittest “fitness”
- Ancestors/ genetics /survivals
- Natural selection
- Was from the nature part
Functionalism study by William James. (Theory of Evolutionary Perspective)
He study the Functions of Counsciosness and understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that the posses.
- Genetic adaptations
- He study the school system
- Social adaptations
Biological perspective by Charles Darwin (Theory of Evolutionary Perspective)
Theory of Natural Selection which proposed that the physical characteristics of animals and humans evolved because they were useful or functional
Biological Preparedness means…
Toward Survival
Notion of Survival of the fittest (Fitness). From Evolutionary Perspective means….
The strong survive, the person wants to survive so has genetic preparedness towards survival
Where does genetic adaptations come from?
Ancestry
What is nature and nuture?
- Nature: Our biological make up.
- Nurture: The experiences that we have during our lives.
Natural Selection
Is the idea that we all come from earlier species
According to Freud what is the unconscious processes perspective?
Psychodynamic psychology
According to freud, What is pre conscious?
Mostly unconscious but has conscious elements.
What is the psychodynamic approach about?
Is a therapy based on freud about psychoanalysis and about childhood experiences, and has 3 parts of the personality
- id
- ego
- super ego
What it means the id?
That we are born with it.
Wants what it wants to have immediate gratification.
Is focus on pleasure
According to Feud is sexual and aggressive urges
(Diablillo)
UNCONSCIOUS
What is the ego?
Sense of self as separate from others and evolves from the id.
Compromise demands of id + super ego
PRECONSCIOUS
What is the super ego?
(Angelito) Social and parental values
- what is right /wrong, should / should not
- the feeling of guilt
- Moralistic
Childs from 3-5 develop the super ego and whe they are 5 or 6 is form
UNCONSCIOUS
What are the ego defense mechanisms?
The part of the ego that is unconscious, it settles down the neurotic personality.
Comp la racionalizacion de TU TE LO MERECES
( which means that a person can not compromise de super ego)
What theories come from behaviorism?
-Operant conditioning and Classical conditioning
What does operant conditioning theory by B. F. Skinner means?
Observable behavior
What does operant, conditioning means?
- Initiating behavior
- Learning
Definition of
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
- Increases the chance the operant will occur again
- Decrease the chance the operant will occur again
Definition of positive and negative in operant conditioning
- Giving Applying
- removal or taking away
What does the positive reinforcement to the operant?
Increase the operant
What is positive reinforcement?
Is giving the desired to increase the chance the operant will occur again
What are the two types of positive reinforcement?
Primary Reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
What is primary and secondary reinforcement?
- Primary: giving food or drink
- Secondary or Conditioned reinforcers: learn to like ($ money, buenas notas, compliments)
What does negative reinforcement to the operant?
Increase the operant
What are the two types of negative reinforcement?
- Escape conditioning
- Avoidance conditioning
What is escape and avoidance conditioning?
- Escape: escape the undesired, that has started(The yelling started, and then it was taken away)
- Avoidance: learn to avoid the undesired so the undesired does not start. (You learn that somebody gets upset with whatever, so you don’t do the whatever)
What is negative reinforcement?
Is removing the undesired to increase the operant
What does punishment to the operant?
Decrease the operant
What is punishment in operant conditioning?
Punish the whatever to decrease the operant
What are the two types of punishment in operant conditioning?
- Positive Punishment
- Negative punishment
What is positive and negative punishment?
- Positive punishment: Gives the undesired to decrease operant. (Punishment by application)
- Negative Punishment: Takes away the desired to decrease the operant. ( Punishment by removal)
What is the classical condition notation and the meaning of conditioned and unconditioned?
- Conditioned: C , learned
- Unconditioned: UC
What is the classical conditioning notation and meaning of stimulus?
- Stimulus: initiating behavior ( lo que es antes de la reaccion) S.
What is the classical conditioning notation and meaning of response?
- Response: Reaction to its trigger. R
What is the classical conditioning notation and meaning of neutral?
- Stimuli that does not automatically produce the response of interest. N
Who did the classical conditioning approach?
Pavlov
What are the reflex in classical conditioned?
- UCS : unconditioned stimulus
- UCR : unconditioned response
Reflex is the unlearn
What is the classical conditioning grid of the processes of learning by associating a neutral with a reflex?
- Neutral
- UCS
- UCR
What is the classical conditioning grid of the learned things?
- CS: Conditioned Stimulus
- CR: Conditioned Response
What are the five conditions of the classical conditioning grid?
- All of the responses are the same
- UCS and UCS are the same
- N and CS are the same
- UCS and UCR are unlearned
- Ask my self if CS and CR are learned
What is the stimulus generalization?
When CR is applied is applied to stimuli similar to the CS. The fear gets to apply to more things, the baby associates the white rat color with other white things. ( no comprar pasta de NINGUN almacen porque me sento mal de UN almacen)
What is a stimulus discrimination?
Is when the fear stays with the CS and its related conditions ( no comprar pasta de tal supermercado porque me sento mal, pero si de otros)
What is the Second Order Conditioning?
When a CS behaves like a UCS so new associations are created. (Associating every place or thing with the painful medical procedure)
What is the behavioral theory called Systematic Desensitization?
Is the treatment for specific phobias -irrational fear of an object or situation
- Teach Relaxation Skills fisicamente (CR)
- Hierarchy of fears (from least to greatest) ver una is magen del miedo, luego un video y asi ) (CS)
- Exposure least fear –> master relaxation ( you start with the least fear and then go to the next level of exposure) (CS)(CR–> replace with relaxation)
What does the cognitive approach?
Looks at our memory. Problem- solving What has influence our thoughts Our emotions can affect our thoughts. Is it rational (logical ) or irrational (ilogicall)
Who did the cognitive approach?
Beck and Ellis
What does mean being ruminating and catastrophizing in the cognitive approach?
Irracional
What is the tree structure in the cognitive approach?
Roots–> belief system (estan muy atascadas) experience
Tronco–> thought
What is the cognitive restructuring in the cognitive approach?
Is a therapeutic outcome of working through examining your belief system
When you collect evidence in the cognitive aproach means….
To ask yourself if it is rational or irrational
Who did the Humanistic Perspective?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
What is the theory by Carlo Rogers of the humanistic perspective?
Self - actualization, which means reaching your fullest potential. You have your own self-actualizing tendency.
What is the self- actualization theory?
Reaching fullest potential
What is the self-actualizing tendency?
Process of working toward your potential.
What was the Carl Rogers therapy?
Client- centered therapy which the client is the maim character
What are the important points (precepts) of the humanistic philosophy?
- People are “basically good worthy” –> unconditional Positive Regard (todos merecemos lo mismo porque somos seres humanos)
- People have unique world views perceptions –> empathy (you got to listen to the person to understand their perspective) ( third leve of listening)
- Genuine Communication–> congruence ( the uncomfortable truth)
What is the first level of listening?
Self- Oriented listening ( the listener made it about them)
What is the second level of listening?
Active listening. That you are non- verbally present but you are listening and giving them the fullest attention. Ignoring level one
What is the third level of listening?
Empathic listening: Feeling what the client feels.
How is the right way to do the Client- centered Therapy?
You have to remove “Conditions of worth”( como has esto y asi te amare)
Focus on the behavior not the person ( osea n decir “tu eres” sino “ me molesta que”
Do not judge
We can not answer from our perspective, it has to be the clients’ perspectives
What is Positive psychology?
Help somebody starting from the positive stuff ( postdramatic strength), no talking about about the negative stress
