Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Personality > Personality traits > Flashcards

Personality traits Flashcards

1
Q

What are personality traits?

A
  • “the coherent patterning over time and space of Affect, Behaviour, Cognition, and Desire” – Bill Revelle
  • Consistent with all three factors over time, consistent way of being e.g. emotion/being
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the problems with personality traits?

A
  • How does one characterise and organise personality traits?
  • Thousands of personality relevant terms • Allport & Odbert (1936)
  • Extracted words to describe how someone behaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the jingle fallacy?

A

assuming that two different things are the same because they bear the same name • e.g. fairness, e.g. political parties having different views on fairness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the jangle fallacy?

A

assuming that two identical things are different because they are labelled differently • Decisive = assertive = proactive = forceful? • Anxious = timid = withdrawn = shy?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happened in the dark ages?

A
  • 1920s-80s
  • Researchers used any number of different scales and measures to study personality traits
  • No common language was available
  • Trying to measure something the same but with different scales, hard to test if they are measuring the same thing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Raymond Cattell create?

A
  • Factor analytic approach
  • Sub-set of Allport & Odbert’s “personal trait” terms
  • Reported 12 factors - Later modified to form his 16PF
  • Significant issues: Used only 35 terms. Issues regarding the actual findings
  • Condense the personality traits into something more concise, e.g. 50 down to 12
  • Made it easier for analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How did the ‘Big Five’ emerge?

A
  • Tupes and Christal (1961)
  • Analysed correlation matrices from 8 samples of personality measures
  • Found “five relatively strong and recurrent factors and nothing more of any consequence”
  • Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who created the ‘Big Five’?

A

Lewis Goldberg

  • Big five
  • Put a name to the structure
  • NB “Big” denotes breadth, not intrinsic greatness
  • Broad categories capture someone’s personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the five factor model?

A
  • Costa & McCrae (1992)
  • Broke with the lexical tradition
  • Argued that statements can better access the components of personality critical to study
  • Also endorses explanation, not just description
  • How high or low you are on a certain word/trait
  • Different from the big five
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Hans Eysenck create?

A

PEN model

  • Key advocate for empirically-led psychotherapy
  • Ongoing body of work throughout 60s and 70s
  • Psychoticism; Extraversion; Neuroticism
  • Said that psychoanalysis wasn’t empirical
  • Enysenck theory was most popular between 1980-1994
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is HEXACO?

A
  • (Ashton & Lee, 2001)
  • Honesty-Humility
  • Emotionality
  • eXtraversion
  • Agreeableness (breaks into two factors – honesty-humility)
  • Conscientiousness
  • Openness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why was the HEXACO approach good?

A
  • Ashton and Lee argue that 6 factors better represent the personality space
  • Evidence from cross-culture work
  • Also placed emphasis on an evolutionary approach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the big five?

A

-Neuroticism (emotional stability)
-Extraversion
-Openness
-Agreeableness
-Conscientiousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the sub sections in the Measurement Hierarchy ?

A
  • Metatraits
  • Big five
  • Aspects
  • Facets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two meta traits?

A
  • Plasticity (explore new things, engage)

- Stability (stability of self-regulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can you measure personality?

A
  • Self-report
  • Other-report (someone else observes)
  • Behaviour observation
  • Physiology: Hormones – Brain activity – Genetics
17
Q

What are the advantages of self report?

A
  • Quick and easy; cheap

- Person arguably has best insight into their mind

18
Q

What are the disadvantages of self report?

A
  • Bias in responding: desirability effects; bogus responses
  • Not measuring the biological bases; capturing a layer further removed
  • N at level of self-report may be masked by learned strategies etc.
19
Q

What are the advantages of other-report?

A
  • Quick and easy; cheap
  • Close peer has good insight into the mind of their friend
  • Can provide a convergent perspective
20
Q

What are the disadvantages of other-report?

A
  • Peer may not very well know the inner thoughts of the other (even if they think they do)
  • This may not matter at the level of Big Five (perhaps more of an issue for things like depression; sexuality etc.)
21
Q

What did Walter Mischel publish?

A
  • Published in 1968
  • Book which said personality traits don’t exist
  • Personality and Assessment led to a vigorous debate among personality and social psychologists
  • Challenged the notion of traits
  • Emphasised the primacy of the situation
22
Q

What did Funder (2007) summarise?

A
  • Any measurement of a person’s personality is only a very modest predictor of what a person will do in a given situation (< .30 - .40)
  • Therefore, situations are of greater importance than traits in determining behaviour.
  • Therefore, personality assessment is a waste of time and intuitions we have about peoples’ traits are flawed.
23
Q

What did trait theorists argue about inconsistency in traits?

A
  • Such inconsistency is a result of measurement error
  • Need to aggregate across several situations to access the “true” state of affairs.
  • In essence, people are capricious, situations complicated, and thus noise is inevitable
24
Q

What did trait theorists argue about correlations?

A
  • .30 - .40 is not actually all that little…
  • Not a small correlation
  • Binomial effect size display (Rosenthal & Rubin, 1982)
  • .40 = 70% classification accuracy (here, 50% is chance)
25
Q

Can traits predict behaviour?

A
  • Just because one personality trait doesn’t predict behaviour doesn’t mean that the rest of the variance is situational
  • Behaviour has never been claimed to be the product of a single personality trait!
  • Behaviour may be the manifestation of many traits “working in unison”
26
Q

When did traits become acceptable again?

A
  • Traits became acceptable again (early 80s onwards)
  • Realisation that there was indeed value in this way of thinking
  • But clear that more sophisticated personality models were necessary.
  • Lessons had been learned

Personality (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions