Personality and social attitudes Flashcards
How can the big 5 link to other aspects?
- Religiosity (agreeable, conscientiousness and negative openness)
- Environmentalism (openness)
- Mortality (conscientiousness, extraversion, negative neuroticism)
- Political liberalism (negative conscientiousness and positive openness)
- Pathogen disgust (conscientiousness, neuroticism and negative openness)
How was antisocial personality disorder rated by the facets of neuroiticsm and extraversion?
Antisocial PD – Big 5 domains and facets rated by experts – Domains characterised by low A and low C
- Neuroticism = 2.80 – N-anger/hostility = 4.14 – N-impulsiveness = 4.73
- Extraversion = 3.53 – E-assertiveness = 4.23 – E-excitement seeking = 4.63
What did -Hirsh (2010) find looking at personality types and political ideology?
- Political ideology typically linked to O and C
- Liberals tend to be more open - Curious, artistic, interested in change
- Conservatives tend to be more conscientious - i.e. dutiful, rigid, purposeful
- Mixed results with other Big Five traits
- Agreeableness has two aspects – Compassion and politeness
- These may have counterveiling associations with political ideology
- Results: – preference for the Republican Party was predicted negatively by Compassion (b = –.32) and positively by Politeness (b = .18)
What are Social-cognitive motives?
- Model how we arrive at political attitudes
- Uncertainty and fear/threat
- Uncertainty – dogmatism and intolerance to ambiguity
- Fear – self-esteem
- Leads to political conservatism
What did Pease & Lewis (2015) find when looking at anger expression
- Looked at anger expression – how well you can control expression of anger
- Low conscientiousness and low neuroticism – can control anger better
- Low conscientiousness and high in neuroticism – harder to control anger
- High consciousness and low neuroticism – can control anger
- High conscientiousness and high neuroticism – harder to control anger
What did Conard (2006) find with mediation of consciousness in students?
- N=300 Psychology undergraduates – Controlling for SAT score (i.e. general intelligence)
- Conscientiousness leads to educational achievement
- Is there a pathway which mediates consciousness and educational achievement
- Looked at attendance – more conscientiousness people attended more regularly
What did Sibley et al (2012) find with openness and political conservatism?
- Moderation not mediation
- Openness leads to political conservatism (-.18) (more open you are, less conservative you’ll be)
- Whether systemic threat predicted how large the association is between openness and political conservatism
- Low threat countries = -.42
- High threat countries = association drops to -.06
How do you measure causality?
- Use longitudinal studies – measure at two points at time
- Cross-sectional data can’t get at causal links – Correlations suggest a causal link – BUT not the direction of the link
- Two main solutions – Longitudinal studies – Experimental manipulation
What did Wink et al (2012) find about the causality of conscientiousness and religion?
- Measured conscientiousness is adolescents
- Conscientiousness when you are young, predicts religious sentiments when you’re an adult
- Didn’t find a link between religiosity in teenagers leading to conscientiousness in adulthood
What did Wink et al (2012) find about the causality of agreeableness and religion?
- These results held for females only
- Religion (teenager) leads to agreeableness (late adulthood)
- Agreeableness (teenager) leads to religiosity (late adulthood)
What did block and block (2006) look at looking at nursery school children?
-Nursery school personality and political orientation two decades later
-Personality measures in kindergarten kids and followed up 20 years later
-Temperament was measured by parents and teachers
-Political views were asked about 20 years later
Findings
-Correlations between items and political views
-All findings are not statistically significant
What did Lewis (2018) find in conduct in children?
- Personality measured at age 5-7 (anxiety, conduct, hyper)
- Political measures in 30-33 year olds
- People who showed higher conduct in 5 year olds led to political discontent in adulthood
- No link between anxiety and hyper activity
- Parental social class, sex and childhood intelligence was controlled for
What is Mediation model?
- Predictors: anxiety, conduct and hyperactivity
- High levels of conduct, lower education, lower achieved social class, higher political discontent
- Conduct drives these factors
What have marriage studies shown with neuroticism?
-Study initiated in mid 1930s
-300 couples due to be married
-Personality rated by friends of the participants in mid 1930s
-Followed up over 50 years
-Marital status tracked
Findings
-Neuroticism leads to marital breakdown
What did Cooper et al (2013) do using CO2?
- Asked how suspicious an activity is
- Anxiety appears to cause negative interpretations of ambiguous information
- Normal air: less suspicious
- CO2: more suspicious
