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Personality and Individual Differences > Personality Traits > Flashcards

Personality Traits Flashcards

1
Q

What is Allport (1961) definition of personality traits?

A

A dynamic organisation inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create a person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thought and feelings

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2
Q

What is Burger’s (1997) definition of personality trait?

A

A dimension of personality used to categorise people according to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic

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3
Q

What are the two assumptions of trait theory?

A

Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time
Traits show stability across situations

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4
Q

What are personality traits spilt into according to Allport?

A

Cardinal, central and secondary traits

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5
Q

What are cardinal traits?

A

Single traits that dominate the personality and influence behaviour (obsessions)

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6
Q

What are central traits?

A

5-10 traits that best describe the individual’s personality

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7
Q

What are secondary traits

A

Individuals’ preferences that become apparent in certain situations

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8
Q

What are the limitations of the trait approach?

A

Impossible to use personality traits to predict behaviour in certain situations

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9
Q

What are the assumptions of Lexical Hypothesis?

A

The most meaningful traits will be used in language as single terms
The number of words in a language that refer to the trait correspond to the importance when describing personality
If the lexical hypothesis is valid it should apply across different cultures and languages

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10
Q

What did Allport identify for the lexical hypothesis?

A

18000 words, 4500 describing personality

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11
Q

What is the limitation of the lexical hypothesis?

A

The list of 4500 words is too long for assessing personality

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12
Q

Who built on lexical hypothesis theory?

A

Costa & McCrae (1992)

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13
Q

What did Costa and McCrae do?

A

Statements that the pp agreed or disagreed with can better access components of personality
Analysed the data

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14
Q

What did Costa & McCrae find?

A

There are 5 factors
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism

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15
Q

What is openness and how is it beneficial?

A

Intellectual curiosity which is good for jobs that require creativity

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16
Q

What is conscientiousness and how is it beneficial?

A

Self-discipline, control, order which is linked to job performance and organisation

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17
Q

What is extraversion and how is it beneficial?

A

Warmth and excitement-seeking which is important for customer interaction

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18
Q

What is agreeableness?

A

Trusting, sympathy which is good for roles in teamwork and conflict resolution

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19
Q

What is neuroticism and how is it beneficial?

A

Emotional stability which is preferred in high stress jobs

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20
Q

Who supported the 5 factor model?

A

Norman (1964) & Boyle (1989)

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21
Q

What did Norman find?

A

Reproduced the same 5 factor structure with personality ratings from peers

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22
Q

What did Boyle (1989) find?

A

5 factor is compatible with Cattrell’s 14 factor measure and Eysenck’s 3 factor measure

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23
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

A way of reducing data from many variables to their underlying dimensions. Variables that correlate with each other can form one factor

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24
Q

What did Cattell define as personality?

A

The characteristics of the individual that allow prediction of how they will behave in a given situation

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25
Q

What is an assumption of factor analysis?

A

Traits are stable and long lasting blocks of personality

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26
Q

What is the distinction between traits?

A

Genetic- constitutional traits
Environmental- environmental-mold traits

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27
Q

What did Cattrell do to distinguish between personality traits that are genetic vs environmental?

A

Made the MAVA

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28
Q

What are the three types of traits according to Cattrell?

A

Ability, temperament and dynamic

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29
Q

What are ability traits?

A

Traits that determines how well we deal with particular situations and how well we reach the goal of the situation

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30
Q

What are temperamental traits?

A

Individual differences when pursuing goals

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31
Q

What are dynamic traits?

A

Traits that motivate behaviour and are organised

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32
Q

What are the three types of dynamic traits?

A

Attitudes, sentiments and ergs

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33
Q

What are attitudes (dynamic traits)?

A

Hypothetical contracts that express interest in things in certain situations and helps predict how we will behave

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34
Q

What are sentiments (dynamic traits)?

A

Complex attitudes such as opinions, determines how we fee

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35
Q

What are ergs (dynamic traits)?

A

Innate motivators and drives, cause attending to stimuli readily and seeks satisfaction

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36
Q

What traits identify with factor analysis?

A

Source and surface traits

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37
Q

What are surface traits?

A

Collection of trait descriptions that cluster in individuals and situations and correlate together and are overt

38
Q

What are source traits?

A

Differences in personality traits which accounted for observed behaviour, identified with factor analysis, represent the structure of the personality

39
Q

Who looked at surface traits?

A

Cattrell & KIine, 1977

40
Q

What did Cattrell & Kline find?

A

46 surface traits are sufficient when describing ID in personality

41
Q

How was the 16 PF developed?

A

The 46 were factor analysed from large samples, use of data collection (data from ratings of individuals from people who knew them) and rate behaviour on a likert scale and found 16 major factors that represent personality

42
Q

What are examples from the source factors? (16 PF)

A

Factor A- outgoing-reserved
Factor B- intelligence (high 8-low 8)
Factor C- stable-emotional (high ego-low ego strength) emotional stability and impulse control

43
Q

What did factor analysis provide?

A

16 personality factors from the list of 4500 trait names that Allport and Odbert identified

44
Q

Who supported 16 PF?

A

Barton (1971)

45
Q

What did Barton find?

A

16PF is a good predictor of success

46
Q

Who found issues with factor analysis?

A

Conn and Rieke, 1994

47
Q

What is an issue with the factor analysis theory?

A

There were problems with replication

48
Q

Who found the 3 factor approach?

A

Eysenck

49
Q

What does Eysenck say about personality?

A

Personality is an individual’s character, temperament, intelligence + physique
Traits are stable and have long lasting characteristic

50
Q

What is the 3 factor approach?

A

We have different responses to specific situations, which leads to a habitual response so certain traits will emerge

51
Q

What are the 3 supertraits from Eysenck?

A

Sociability, neuroticism and psychoticism

52
Q

What did Eysenck’s 3 basic traits lead to?

A

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

53
Q

What are the criticisms of Eysenck’s 3 basic traits?

A

Reductionist as they are too little factors

54
Q

Who found research evidence for Eysenck’s?

A

Amirkham et al (1995) + longitudinal studies + twin studies

55
Q

What was found with longitudinal studies for Eysenck?

A

There is a genetic basis for primary personality types

56
Q

What was found with twin studies for Eysenck’s?

A

Studies of MZ and DZ twins raised together and apart found there are similar personality structures

57
Q

What Amirkham et al find?

A

Extraverts are more likely to attract and maintain a network of friends and approach others during crisis as opposed to introvert

58
Q

Who made the HEXACO model?

A

Ashton & Lee 2007

59
Q

How was the HEXACO model made?

A

Studying the USA, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Korea and Poland

60
Q

What is the HEXACO model?

A

Adjective contribute to the sixth factor (building on OCEAN)

61
Q

What are the 6 factors of the HEXACO model?

A

Honesty
Emotionality
Openness
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness

62
Q

What does honesty, agreeableness & emotionality contribute to?

A

Altruism

63
Q

What does extraversion, conscientiousness and openness relate to?

A

Biological separate areas of behaviour

64
Q

What does emotionality link to?

A

Kin selection due to empathy

65
Q

What are the gains and losses in HEXACO?

A

Being exploited in relationships
Investing too much in others due to potential personal gain (emotionality)

66
Q

Who criticised the HEXACO?

A

Saucier (2000), Hahn et al (1999)

67
Q

What did Saucier (2000) say?

A

Definitive models of personality must be independent factors

68
Q

What did Hahn et al say?

A

In the Korean sample, H-H correlated with agreeableness

69
Q

How is personality measured?

A

Self-report, behaviour observation, physiology (hormones, brain activity, genetics)

70
Q

Who found the general factor of personality?

A

Musek, 2007

71
Q

What is the general factor of personality?

A

A blend of positively valued aspects of personality dimensions which measures the factors valued cross culturally

72
Q

What was found when testing the factors (general factor of personality)?

A

When someone scored high on one of the factors they were likely to score high on one of the others
There must be a key trait underlying the measures

73
Q

What did Ferguson, 2011, say about the general factor of personality?

A

It is emerging due to the result of how people answer questionnaires such as social desirability

74
Q

What did Musek’s factor analysis of the 5 factor model of personality?

A

There are 2 main factors, stability and plasticity

75
Q

What is stability in Musek’s factor analysis?

A

Conformity

76
Q

What is plasticity in Musek’s factor analysis?

A

Non-conformity

77
Q

What is stability in Musek’s factor analysis according to OCEAN?

A

Low neuroticism, high conscientiousness and high agreeableness

78
Q

What is plasticity in Musek’s factor analysis according to OCEAN?

A

High extraversion and high openness

79
Q

What are the advantages of self reports for measuring personality?

A

Quick
Easy
Cheap

80
Q

What are the disadvantages of self-report?

A

Biases in responding such as social desirability
Doesn’t measure the biological basis such as neuroticism may be masked

81
Q

What are the advantages of other reports?

A

Quick
Easy
Close peer has good insight
Convergent perspective

82
Q

What are the disadvantages of other report?

A

Peer has no access to inner thoughts (no access to intimate aspects)
Some traits are harder to judge externally such as neuroticism

83
Q

Who evaluated trait approaches?

A

Mischel, 1968 & Funder, 2007

84
Q

What did Mischel find?

A

Trait models are descriptive but do not predict behavior
Problems arise when looking for cross-situational consistency of behaviour that can be predicted on the basis of traits

85
Q

What did Funder find?

A

Any measurement of a person’s personality is only a modest predictor of what they may do (<0.30-0.40)
Situations are more important than traits for behaviour

86
Q

What are the responses to Funder and Mischel?

A

Inconsistency is the result of a measurement error
0.3-4 is not a small predictor as basing a decision on 0.3 means you will be right in 65% of cases
Behaviour has never clained to be the product of a single trait and may be many traits working in unison

87
Q

Memorise personality system

A
88
Q

What is inside the person (from personality system)

A

Basic tendencies, self concept, characteristic adaptation

89
Q

Who speaks of personality and assessment?

A

Mischel

90
Q

What are the key points from Mischel?

A

Personality is a system of cognitive-affective units
Personality assessment should focus on predicting behaviour depending on the context rather trait rating
Individual differences are from the way situations are processed
Social cognitive variables such as beliefs activate in certain situations
People make meaning from certain situations and will change behaviour according to it

Personality and Individual Differences (8 decks)

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