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Personality and Individual Differences > Dark Triad > Flashcards

Dark Triad Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dark triad?

A

Psychopathy, machiavellianism and narcissism

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2
Q

What is psychopathy?

A

Callousness, impulsivity,
enduring antisocial and
bold behaviour.

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3
Q

Who looked at psychopathy?

A

(Ray & Ray, 1982).

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4
Q

What did Ray and Ray find?

A

In fact, there are sometimes advantages to having
psychopathic traits

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5
Q

How is psychopathy considered in subclinical views?

A

Not always related to poor mental health or mental illness.

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6
Q

What is machiavellianism?

A

Manipulative, exploitative,
calculating, amoral, all for
personal gain.

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7
Q

Is machiavellianism considered in the clinical population?

A

No

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8
Q

Who looked at contradictory findings of Machiavellianism?

A

Bianchi and Mirkovic 2020

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9
Q

What did Bianchi and Mirkovic 2020 find?

A

Machiavellianism actually linked with less mental
health issues

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10
Q

What did Brune et al 2010 find?

A

Machiavellianism linked with Delusional Disorder and other mental health issues.

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11
Q

What is narcissism?

A

Pursuing ego gratification,
vanity, sense of superiority.

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12
Q

What is narcissism linked with?

A

Social aversive personality within a clinical population but does not capture the range of narcissistic behaviours

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13
Q

Who looked at narcissism?

A

Cain et al

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14
Q

What did Cain et al find?

A

Distinction between clinical and subclinical is unclear

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15
Q

Who looked at correlational coefficient for the dark triad?

A

Paulhus and Williams

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16
Q

Who found the dirty dozen scale?

A

Jonason and Webster

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17
Q

What is the dirty dozen scale?

A

A 12 item measure of the dark triad with 1085 pp
Examined structural R, convergent and discriminant V and test-retest R

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18
Q

What is a measure for P in the dirty dozen?

A

I tend to lack remorse
I tend to be cynical
I tend to be callous or insensitive

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19
Q

What is a measure for M in the dirty dozen?

A

I tend to manipulate others to get my way
I have used flattery to get my way
I have used deceit or lied to get my way

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20
Q

What is a measure for N in the dirty dozen?

A

I tend to want others to admire me
I tend to want others to pay attention to me
I tend to seek prestige or status

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21
Q

Who criticised the DD scale?

A

Rogoza et al
Lingan-Huaman et al

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22
Q

What did Rogoza et al say?

A

In non-W.E.I.R.D populations, narcissism presents as a much weaker factor especially in EA (Daiku et al)

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23
Q

What did Lingan-Huaman et al say?

A

When using national samples, the scale is stronger than when using global samples

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24
Q

Who looked at P and M?

A

Glenn and Sellborn
Visser et al

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25
Q

What did Glenn and Sellborn say?

A

P and M relate to similar notions of impulsivity and risk-taking

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26
Q

What did Visser et al?

A

Psychopathy and Machiavellianism
are also closely related to risk-taking

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27
Q

What are the measures of the dark triad?

A

Short dark 3
Narcissistic personality inventory

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28
Q

Who found the Short Dark 3?

A

Jones and Paulhus

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29
Q

What is the Short Dark 3

A

Consists of 27 items and items are rated on a 5 point likert
Measurement of M, N, P
Use of statistical analysis

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30
Q

What are the findings of the SD3?

A

The traits were found to be distinct but interrelated, aligning with previous Dark Triad research.

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31
Q

What are the applications of SD3?

A

Useful in social and organisational psycjh to understand certain behaviours such as risk taking

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32
Q

Who found the narcissistic personality inventory?

A

Raskin and Hall

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33
Q

What are the key points of Raskin and Hall?

A

Aim= creating a valid measure for NP traits in line with DSM III criteria
Questionnaire with 2 choices, 54 items, found traits of narcissism, good reliability, Con V and used factor analysis

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34
Q

What are the findings of Raskin and Hall”

A

Narcissism is a continuum, with traits present to varying degrees across the population.
Higher scores on the NPI are associated with:
Greater self-confidence and charisma.
Increased sensitivity to criticism and conflict in relationships.
Potential for manipulative or exploitative behavior.

35
Q

What are Raskin and Hall’s dimensions of narcissism?

A

Authority
Self-sufficiency
Superiority
Exhibitionism
Exploitativeness
Vanity
Entitlement

36
Q

What is authority?

A

Desire for control + leadership

37
Q

What is self-sufficiency?

A

Independence and belief of own abilities

38
Q

What is superiority?

A

Sense of being better

39
Q

What is exhibitionism?

A

Need for attention

40
Q

What is exploitativeness?

A

Willingness to manipulate others for personal gain

41
Q

What is vanity?

A

Preoccupation with physical appearance

42
Q

What is entitlement?

A

Expectation of special treatment

43
Q

What is the application of Raskin and Hall?

A

foundational tool for studying narcissism in various contexts, including:
Personality research: Examining narcissism’s relation to other traits (e.g., self-esteem, extraversion).
Social behavior: Understanding interpersonal dynamics, including leadership styles and conflict.
Cultural trends: Investigating societal shifts in narcissism levels (e.g., “Generation Me” studies).

44
Q

What does the light triad focus on?

A

Positive psychology
Focusing on human growth rather than human
failings (Sheldon & King,
2001).
Exploring psychology through scientific study of
human strengths and virtues (Sheldon & King,
2001).

45
Q

Who looked at positive psychology?

A

Seligman 1999

46
Q

What is pos psych?

A

Exploring psychological
phenomena/theory through a more positive lens

47
Q

Who made the light triad?

A

Kaufman et al

48
Q

What is the light triad? Aim, method

A

Kaufman and colleagues
(2018) collected data on many personality traits
Investigated the interrelatedness between themes
and loadings.
Used large and diverse samples to assess how these traits relate to psychological and social factors.

49
Q

What are the findings from Kaufman et al?

A

The Light and Dark Triads are correlated, but not perfect opposites, suggesting they capture different dimensions of personality.
Light Triad traits are more common among women and older adults.
Dark Triad traits are more prevalent among younger adults and men.

50
Q

What are outcomes associated with the LT?

A

Higher life satisfaction and psychological well-being.
Greater empathy, compassion, and altruism.
Better quality interpersonal relationships.
Lower levels of prejudice and aggression.

51
Q

What are outcomes associated with the dark triad?

A

Higher levels of manipulation, self-serving behaviors, and interpersonal conflict.
Correlated with traits like cynicism, low agreeableness, and exploitative tendencies.

52
Q

What are the factors of the light triad?

A

Humanism, Kantianism + faith in humanity

53
Q

What is humanism?

A

Empathic, curious, resilient,
open-minded, altruistic
Valuing the dignity and worth within each individual.

54
Q

How are groups viewed for humanism?

A

Heterogenous and varied.

55
Q

How is the world viewed in humanism?

A

Viewing the world as multi-layered and diverse (willing
to look at the “grey”

56
Q

What is kantianism?

A

Integrity, duty-orientated,
rational, respectful
Treating people as a means to themselves rather than a
means to an end.

57
Q

What does kantianism prioritise?

A

Duty over emotions.

58
Q

What do actions depend on in kantianism?

A

Moral and universal law.
Not based upon the consequences but what
is right

59
Q

What is faith in humanity?

A

Optimistic, compassionate,
trustworthy
Giving people the benefit of the doubt in difficult
situations.

60
Q

What is the belief for faith in humanity?

A

The belief that the good in people outweighs the bad.

61
Q

How are decisions based in the light triad?

A

Upon positive presumptions of a favourable light.

62
Q

Who looked at the correlational coefficient for light triad?

A

Paulhus and Williams

63
Q

What did Paulhus and Williams find?

A

Correlation coefficients for the Light Triad are higher than that of the Dark Triad -

64
Q

What is a measure of H in the light triad?

A

I tend to admire others.
I tend to applaud the
success of other people.
I tend to treat others as
valuable.
I enjoy listening to
people from all walks of
life

65
Q

What is a measure of kantianism of the LT?

A

I prefer honesty over charm.
I don’t feel comfortable overtly manipulating people to do something I want.
I would like to be authentic
even if it may damage my
reputation.
When I talk to people, I am
rarely thinking about what I want from them.

66
Q

What is a measure of FH for the LT?

A

I tend to see the best in
people.
I tend to trust that other
people will deal fairly with
me.
I think people are mostly
good.
I’m quick to forgive
people who have hurt me.

67
Q

What are the practical implications of the LT?

A

Highlights the importance of positive personality traits in fostering healthier societies and relationships.
Encourages a balanced exploration of human potential by studying both prosocial and antisocial tendencies.
Provides a complementary framework to the Dark Triad, emphasizing a hopeful perspective on human nature.
Shifts the narrative in personality psychology to include positive aspects of personality in tandem with darker traits.

68
Q

Who looked at dark vs light triad?

A

Lukic and Zivanovic (2021)

69
Q

What did Lukic & Zivanovic find?

A

Light Triad and Dark
Triad traits are
correlated and
predict each other.
Sadism is the
strongest predictor
of faith in:
humanity (-.21),
humanism (-.18),
kantianism (-.11).

70
Q

How does the dark triad relate to the general personality?

A

Socially aversive personalities are less agreeable
Socially aversive personalities are less conscientious
Narcissism related to some facets of conscientiousness (achievement striving and competence)
Psychopathy relates to facets of conscientiousness:
(Lower deliberation, lower dutifulness)

71
Q

Who applied the dark personality to career?

A

Jonason et al

72
Q

What did Jonason et al find?

A

Narcissists use softer manipulation
Psychopaths use harsher
M chose both

73
Q

Who looked at salary, leadership position and careet satisfaction?

A

Spurk et al

74
Q

What did Spurk et al find?

A

M and N express differently to psychopaths
Have high S, L and CS

75
Q

Who looked at team effectiveness?

A

Duygulu and Ciraklar 2008

76
Q

What did Duygulu and Ciraklar 2008 find?

A

Team effectiveness is important for successful leadership
Humanism and faith in humanity predict effectiveness (Johar et al)

77
Q

Who looked at psychopathy and the legal system?

A

Wright et al

78
Q

What did Wright et al find?

A

Those high in psychopathy are more likely to have confrontations with the
justice system, compared to
Machiavellians and narcissists
Especially where self-control is low (impulsive, risky, low anger management)!

79
Q

What does the dark triad correlate with?

A

Impulsivity and sensation seeking
Engagement with risky behaviours

80
Q

What is temporal discounting?

A

Higher scores indicate individual focuses more on the here-and-now, rather than considering the future outcomes.

81
Q

Who looked at relationships and the dark triad?

A

Jonason et al

82
Q

What are the main points from Jonason et al?

A

M + P + N related to mating strategies
Dark triad= short term mating
Small sample (210)
M does not predict relationship preferences
P associated with short term relationships (sexual)
Women are more interested in long term relationships than men

83
Q

Who looked at the dark personality?

A

Paulhus and Williams

84
Q

What are the key points from Paulhus and Williams?

A

Respondents who agree with statements relating to the Machiaveillian personality will most likely behave in a ‘cold and manipulative fashion (Christie and Geis, 1970)
Raskin and Hall (1979)- normal narcissism (delineates from the DSM definition)
Psychopathy check list (Hare 1991)
M + P + N share low agreeableness
N + P associated with openness and extraversion
M + P neg associated with conscientiousness
P= low with neuroticism
N= self-deceptive component
Dark personalities= higher I

Personality and Individual Differences (9 decks)

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