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Personality and Individual Differences > Personality and Wellbeing > Flashcards

Personality and Wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

What is wellbeing? (Huppert)

A

The combination of feeling good and functioning well,
the experience of positive emotions such as happiness and contentment as well as the development of one’s potential, having some control over one’s life, having a sense of
purpose, and experiencing positive relationships

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2
Q

What is the circumplex model of affect”

A

How mood is in 2 dimensions (positive affect and negative affect)

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3
Q

What are the 8 end points of the different mood states in the circumplex model and characteristics?

A

High pos affect- excited + active
Low pos affect- dull + sleepy
High neg affect- distress + nervous
Low neg affect- calm + relaxed
Strong engagement- aroused + surprised
Disengagement- quiet + still
Pleasantness- happy and satisfied
Unpleasantness- lonely + sad

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4
Q

What is positive affect characterised by?

A

Descriptors of excited, interested, proud

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5
Q

What are the descriptors of neg affect?

A

Scared, ashamed, guilty

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6
Q

What is extraversion associated with in the circumplex?

A

Pos affect

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7
Q

What is neuroticism associated with in the circumplex model?

A

Neg affect

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8
Q

Who supported extraversion and neuroticism findings with the circumplex?

A

Wilson + Gullone

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9
Q

Who coined the term PWB and SWB?

A

Keyes et al

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10
Q

How is SWB measured?

A

Pos and negative affect and with life satisfaction

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11
Q

Who found the SWLS?

A

Diener et al

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12
Q

What does the SWLS do and what does it indicate?

A

SWLS from Diener et al, list of 5 items to indicate how they feel at the present moment, high SWB from high levels of life satisfaction

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13
Q

What is subjective wellbeing?

A

Life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect

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14
Q

What is psychological wellbeing?

A

Positive relations, autonomy, purpose in life, self-acceptance

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15
Q

Who found the 6 aspects of PWB?

A

Keyes et al

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16
Q

What are the 6 aspects of PWB?

A

Autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others + self acceptance

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17
Q

What is sel-acceptance?

A

Positive attitude towards the self

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18
Q

What is autonomy?

A

Self-determining and indepdendence

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19
Q

What is environmental mastery?

A

Mastery and competence in managing the environment

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20
Q

What is personal growth?

A

Feeling of continued development

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21
Q

What is purpose in life?

A

Having goals in life and a sense of directness

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22
Q

What is positive relations with others?

A

Having satisfying relationships with others

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23
Q

What supports the 6 dimensions?

A

Ryff 1989

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24
Q

What did Ryff find?

A

6 dimensions similar to Keyes et al

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25
Q

What are the criticisms of the 6 dimensions?

A

Kashdan et al- lack of empirical evidence
Self determination theory is better suited which emphasises autonomy, competence and relatedness

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26
Q

Who found how PWB has an impact on personality?

A

Milyavskaya 2012

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27
Q

What did Milyavskaya 2012 find?

A

Satisfaction of psych needs and life management strategies

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28
Q

What is the science of mental illness?

A

The medical model
Measuring concepts of mental illness
Aetiology (causes and development of the disorder
Discovering the causes and prognosis (through longitudinal and experimental methods
Testing efficacy and effectiveness of the methods

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29
Q

What are the consequences of the medical model?

A

Psychologists became pathologisers
Lack of positive intervention
Lack of improving non-pathological lives

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30
Q

Who looked at resilience research?

A

Garmezy 1974

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31
Q

What did Garmezy find?

A

Children at high risk of psychopathology has a healthy subset of adaptive patterns

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32
Q

What is resilience? (Rutter, 1999)

A

A dynamic process with interaction of risk and protective processes, internal and external to the individual that modify the effect of an adverse life event

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33
Q

Which journal article focused on resilience and the big five?

A

Oshio et al

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34
Q

What are the key points from Oshio et al?

A

Ego resiliency
‘individual’s characteristic response to behavioural or attentive impulses’ p.54
temporary changes to reaction to ‘meet the situational demands of life’ p.54
high ego resilience= adaptive
low ego resilience= low adaptability in situations so they take longer when ‘recovering from stress’ p.55 (Causadias et al, 2012, longitudinal study)

Trait resilience
studied for the identification of personality abilities that ‘are specific to those who are able to successfully cope with a highly stressful life event’

Discussion
self-esteem= important in personality development
positive relationship between self-esteem and resiliency (Liu et al 2014) and ego resiliency (Cramer 2000)

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35
Q

What are the criticisms of Oshio et al?

A

Low amount of studies for the meta analysis

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36
Q

How is resilience a trait?

A

Heritable characteristics with aspects of personality

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37
Q

Who looked at resilience as a trait?

A

Wagnild & Young, 1993

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38
Q

What did Wagnild & Young find and do?

A

Found resilience to be a positive personality character that enhances individual adaptation
Found the 25 item resilience scale

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39
Q

What are the components of the resilience scale?

A

Equanimity, perseverance, self-reliance, meaningfulness and existential aloneness

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40
Q

Which scale did Connor & Davidson, 2003 find?

A

Connor-Davidson Resilience scale

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41
Q

What does the Connor & Davidson resilience scale do?

A

Measure of resilience which was used to assess resilience as a personality trait for Benetti & Kambouropoulos, 2006

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42
Q

What research supports resilience as a trait?

A

Davet et al 2003

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43
Q

What did Davey et al find?

A

High self-worth correlated with extraversion, friendliness and openness to new experiences

44
Q

Who looked at resilience and stability?

A

Silk et al 2007

45
Q

What did Silk et al find?

A

Role of social, familial and biological influences that would lead to the progressive development
of resilience, which becomes stable over time from a certain age

46
Q

How is resilience a process?

A

People can only be resilient during adversity which can vary in different contexts (Rutter, 2007)

47
Q

What is the Bronfenbrenner social ecological system theory (1989)?

A

The environment surrounding children and adolescents influence cognitive and affective developments
Individuals interact with the social environment for adaptation in the face of adversity

48
Q

Who looked at transactionality?

A

Sameroff 2009

49
Q

What does transactional refer to?

A

The environment and the individual influencing each other

50
Q

What is the mechanism of sensitisation?

A

Resilience skill degrades a a result of accumulated trauma

51
Q

Who looked at the mechanism of sensitisation?

A

Fossion et al 2013

52
Q

What did Fossion et al do?

A

130 Jewish adults who were hidden as children in WWII
Measured the occurrence of trauma in life
Resilience, depressive + anxiety disorders measured

53
Q

What did Fossion et al find?

A

Those with multiple trauma condition had a lower level of resilience in comparison to other group
Lower resilience= higher levels of depressive and anxiety disorders

54
Q

What is immunisation mechanism?

A

Becoming immune and better abled to cope due to accumulated stress and trauma

55
Q

Who looked at interventions to boost resilience skills?

A

Robinson et al

56
Q

What did Robinson et al do?

A

Use of cog resilience, social resilience and mind-body resilience

57
Q

What did Robinson et al find?

A

Experimental group= lower perceived stress + neuroticism and increase in self esteem in comparison to control

58
Q

What factors promotes resilient functioning?

A

Individual, familial + community

59
Q

What individual factors promote resilient functioning?

A

Self-efficacy
Coping mechanisms
Stress appraisal
Social skills

60
Q

What familial factors promote resilient functioning?

A

Family coherence and affectional ties
Attachment
Stable caregiving
Spousal support

61
Q

What community factors promote resilient functioning?

A

Peer relationships
Religion
Communiy resources

62
Q

What are the 2 bio determinants of resilience?

A

Genetic and biological

63
Q

Who looked at the genetic factors of resilience

A

Cicchetti et al 2007

64
Q

What did Cicchetti et al find?

A

Serotonin transporter genotype (5-HTT) promotes

65
Q

Who looked at the bio factors of resilience

A

Kloet et al 2005

66
Q

What did Kloet et al find?

A

Activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

67
Q

Who defined social support?

A

Thoits 2011

68
Q

What is social support?

A

Role of social, familial and biological influences that would lead to the progressive development
of resilience, which becomes
stable over time

69
Q

What are the functions of social support?

A

Emotional, informational + instrumental

70
Q

Who looked at social support with family?

A

Afifi & MacMillian

71
Q

What did Afifi and MacMillian find?

A

Stable family environments and supportive relationships associated with resilience following child maltreatment

72
Q

Who looked at adolescent social support?

A

van Harmelen et al 2017

73
Q

What did van Harmelen find?

A

Adolescent friendship support, but
not adolescent family support, was positively associated with immediate
and later resilient psychosocial functioning

74
Q

Who looked at personality traits being related to psychopathology and positive mental health?

A

Lamers et al

75
Q

What did Lamers et al do?

A

Looked at associations with psychopathology and neuroticism
Associations with positive mental health and E + A

76
Q

What did Lamers et al find?

A

Neuroticism + psychopathology= r= -.52
Extraversion= r= .27
Agreeableness= r= .23

77
Q

Who looked at personality and mental health?

A

Kotov et al

78
Q

What did Kotov et al find?

A

Diagnostic groups (depression, anxiety, substance abuse) were high on N but low for C
Pattern for substance abuse= low C + A
Openness is unrelated
Links between personality and MH

79
Q

What are the explanations for relationship between personality and mental health disorders?

A

Spectrum model
Common cause model
Vulnerability model
Scar model

80
Q

What is the assumption of the spectrum model?

A

Assumes that neuroticism and psychopathology reflects the same process
N + P overlap so measures of N can tap into aspects pf P

81
Q

What is a criticism of the spectrum model?

A

Could it account of episodes of depression as traits are fairly stable but the risk of depression isn’t
Doesn’t account for people with low neurotiism who suffer episodes

82
Q

What are the assumptions of the common cause model?

A

Personality traits and MH disorders share genetic and environmental determinants
N and MH are related but not causal
N relates to general risk

83
Q

Who looked at the diathesis stress model?

A

Zubin and Spring 1977

84
Q

What is the diathesis stress model of psychopathology?

A

Vulnerability factors predispose some of psychopathology when there is stress

85
Q

What is vulnerability factors?

A

Genetic, biological, psychological factors

86
Q

What is stress?

A

Significant life events that are undesirable and interfere with physiological and psychological homeostatis

87
Q

Who looked at the vulnerability model?

A

Kendler et al 2006

88
Q

What did Kendler et al find?

A

Neuroticism is the strongest predictor of depression
Extraversion isn’t related

89
Q

What are the assumptions of the scar model

A

If personality traits are higher after a MH episode has passed then it suggests scarring has occured
Changed in personality may persist after recovery

90
Q

Who looked at the scar model?

A

Klein et al 2012

91
Q

What did Klein et al find?

A

Findings may be due to residual symptoms

92
Q

What is neuroticism in terms of psychopathology?

A

A marker of vulnerability
Shows differential change over time
Genetic influence of neuroticism is 40-50%

93
Q

Who looked at the link between personality and physical health?

A

Suls & Rittenhouse 1990
Smith & Williams

94
Q

What are the assumptions of personality linking to physical health?

A

Personality plays a role in causing illness
Correlational link between personality and illness
Personality traits lead to behaviour that can increase the risk of illness
Illness results in changes to personality

95
Q

What are the key points from personality playing a role in causing illness?

A

If PT affect biological activities the activities may affect the development of physical disease in healthy individuals

96
Q

Who looked at personality effecting physical health?

A

Ormel et al

97
Q

What did Ormel et al find?

A

Correlation between ‘neuroticism and physical symptoms reports’ p.909
There are wo outcomes= the Woody Allen neuroticism (Friedman 2000) which is hypochondria and overwhelmed by stress + assumptions that ‘neurotic individuals share psychobiological characteristics that render them vulnerable to physical ill-health’ p.909

98
Q

Who looked at personality playing a role in causing illness?

A

McMahon 1976

99
Q

What are the key points from the correlational link between personality and illness?

A

Biological processes may underpin personality and illness

100
Q

What did Mathews et al 2003 find?

A

Genetic susceptibility to heart disease
Same gene leads to predisposition to hostility

101
Q

What is an example of personality traits leading to certain behaviours that increase the risk of illness?

A

Novelty and sensation seeker have a lower appreciation for risk= more likely to engage in risky behaviours= risky behaviours lead to physical illness

102
Q

What is an example of illness resulting in changed to personality?

A

Having chronic conditions may lead to individuals going out less and scoring lower on extraversion and higher on neuroticism measures

103
Q

What is the journal article for neuroticism indicating vulnerability?

A

Ormel et al

104
Q

What are the key points from Ormel et al

A

N linked to anxiety and depression
N scored ‘associated with life stress, psychological distress, emotional disorders…’ p.906
High N= high risk of psychopathology when stressful events occur as shown with Van Os and Jones 1999
Krabbendam et al 2002= N has a relationship with an onset of psychotic symptoms

105
Q

What are the criticisms in Ormel et al?

A

Lack of successful research done to see the neurobiological basis of neuroticism
Problematic features of neuroticism scales as there is a ‘lack of well-defined time frame’ and ‘use value qualifiers of frequency, intensity and duration’ p.907
Little studies that ‘show that neuroticism scores may predict exposure to certsin types of life events

Personality and Individual Differences (6 decks)

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