Personality and Wellbeing Flashcards
1
Q
What is wellbeing? (Huppert)
A
The combination of feeling good and functioning well,
the experience of positive emotions such as happiness and contentment as well as the development of one’s potential, having some control over one’s life, having a sense of
purpose, and experiencing positive relationships
2
Q
What is the circumplex model of affect?
A
How mood is in 2 dimensions (positive affect and negative affect)
3
Q
What are the 8 end points of the different mood states in the circumplex model and characteristics?
A
High pos affect- excited + active
Low pos affect- dull + sleepy
High neg affect- distress + nervous
Low neg affect- calm + relaxed
Strong engagement- aroused + surprised
Disengagement- quiet + still
Pleasantness- happy and satisfied
Unpleasantness- lonely + sad
4
Q
What is positive affect characterised by?
A
Descriptors of excited, interested, proud
5
Q
What are the descriptors of neg affect?
A
Scared, ashamed, guilty
6
Q
What is extraversion associated with in the circumplex?
A
Pos affect
7
Q
What is neuroticism associated with in the circumplex model?
A
Neg affect
8
Q
Who supported extraversion and neuroticism findings with the circumplex?
A
Wilson + Gullone
9
Q
Who coined the term PWB and SWB?
A
Keyes et al
10
Q
How is SWB measured?
A
Pos and negative affect and with life satisfaction
11
Q
Who found the SWLS?
A
Diener et al
12
Q
What does the SWLS do and what does it indicate?
A
SWLS from Diener et al, list of 5 items to indicate how they feel at the present moment, high SWB from high levels of life satisfaction
13
Q
What is subjective wellbeing?
A
Life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect
14
Q
What is psychological wellbeing?
A
Positive relations, autonomy, purpose in life, self-acceptance
15
Q
Who found the 6 aspects of PWB?
A
Keyes et al
16
Q
What are the 6 aspects of PWB?
A
Autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others + self acceptance
17
Q
What is self-acceptance?
A
Positive attitude towards the self
18
Q
What is autonomy?
A
Self-determining and indepdendence
19
Q
What is environmental mastery?
A
Mastery and competence in managing the environment
20
Q
What is personal growth?
A
Feeling of continued development
21
Q
What is purpose in life?
A
Having goals in life and a sense of directness
22
Q
What is positive relations with others?
A
Having satisfying relationships with others
23
Q
What supports the 6 dimensions?
A
Ryff 1989
24
Q
What did Ryff find?
A
6 dimensions similar to Keyes et al
25
What are the criticisms of the 6 dimensions?
Kashdan et al- lack of empirical evidence
Self determination theory is better suited which emphasises autonomy, competence and relatedness
26
Who found how PWB has an impact on personality?
Milyavskaya 2012
27
What did Milyavskaya 2012 find?
Satisfaction of psych needs and life management strategies
28
What is the science of mental illness?
The medical model
Measuring concepts of mental illness
Aetiology (causes and development of the disorder
Discovering the causes and prognosis (through longitudinal and experimental methods
Testing efficacy and effectiveness of the methods
29
What are the consequences of the medical model?
Psychologists became pathologisers
Lack of positive intervention
Lack of improving non-pathological lives
30
Who looked at resilience research?
Garmezy 1974
31
What did Garmezy find?
Children at high risk of psychopathology has a healthy subset of adaptive patterns
32
What is resilience? (Rutter, 1999)
A dynamic process with interaction of risk and protective processes, internal and external to the individual that modify the effect of an adverse life event
33
Which journal article focused on resilience and the big five?
Oshio et al
34
What are the key points from Oshio et al?
Ego resiliency
‘individual’s characteristic response to behavioural or attentive impulses’ p.54
temporary changes to reaction to ‘meet the situational demands of life’ p.54
high ego resilience= adaptive
low ego resilience= low adaptability in situations so they take longer when ‘recovering from stress’ p.55 (Causadias et al, 2012, longitudinal study)
Trait resilience
studied for the identification of personality abilities that ‘are specific to those who are able to successfully cope with a highly stressful life event’
Discussion
self-esteem= important in personality development
positive relationship between self-esteem and resiliency (Liu et al 2014) and ego resiliency (Cramer 2000)
35
What are the criticisms of Oshio et al?
Low amount of studies for the meta analysis
36
How is resilience a trait?
Heritable characteristics with aspects of personality
37
Who looked at resilience as a trait?
Wagnild & Young, 1993
38
What did Wagnild & Young find and do?
Found resilience to be a positive personality character that enhances individual adaptation
Found the 25 item resilience scale
39
What are the components of the resilience scale?
Equanimity, perseverance, self-reliance, meaningfulness and existential aloneness
40
Which scale did Connor & Davidson, 2003 find?
Connor-Davidson Resilience scale
41
What does the Connor & Davidson resilience scale do?
Measure of resilience which was used to assess resilience as a personality trait for Benetti & Kambouropoulos, 2006
42
What research supports resilience as a trait?
Davet et al 2003
43
What did Davey et al find?
High self-worth correlated with extraversion, friendliness and openness to new experiences
44
Who looked at resilience and stability?
Silk et al 2007
45
What did Silk et al find?
Role of social, familial and biological influences that would lead to the progressive development of resilience, which becomes stable over time from a certain age
46
How is resilience a process?
People can only be resilient during adversity which can vary in different contexts (Rutter, 2007)
47
What is the Bronfenbrenner social ecological system theory (1989)?
The environment surrounding children and adolescents influence cognitive and affective developments
Individuals interact with the social environment for adaptation in the face of adversity
48
Who looked at transactionality?
Sameroff 2009
49
What does transactional refer to?
The environment and the individual influencing each other
50
What is the mechanism of sensitisation?
Resilience skill degrades a a result of accumulated trauma
51
Who looked at the mechanism of sensitisation?
Fossion et al 2013
52
What did Fossion et al do?
130 Jewish adults who were hidden as children in WWII
Measured the occurrence of trauma in life
Resilience, depressive + anxiety disorders measured
53
What did Fossion et al find?
Those with multiple trauma condition had a lower level of resilience in comparison to other group
Lower resilience= higher levels of depressive and anxiety disorders
54
What is immunisation mechanism?
Becoming immune and better abled to cope due to accumulated stress and trauma
55
Who looked at interventions to boost resilience skills?
Robinson et al
56
What did Robinson et al do?
Use of cog resilience, social resilience and mind-body resilience
57
What did Robinson et al find?
Experimental group= lower perceived stress + neuroticism and increase in self esteem in comparison to control
58
What factors promotes resilient functioning?
Individual, familial + community
59
What individual factors promote resilient functioning?
Self-efficacy
Coping mechanisms
Stress appraisal
Social skills
60
What familial factors promote resilient functioning?
Family coherence and affectional ties
Attachment
Stable caregiving
Spousal support
61
What community factors promote resilient functioning?
Peer relationships
Religion
Communiy resources
62
What are the 2 bio determinants of resilience?
Genetic and biological
63
Who looked at the genetic factors of resilience
Cicchetti et al 2007
64
What did Cicchetti et al find?
Serotonin transporter genotype (5-HTT) promotes resilience
s-allele: Traditionally associated with increased sensitivity to stress and higher risk of depression under adversity.
l-allele: Linked to greater resilience to stress.
65
Who looked at the bio factors of resilience
Kloet et al 2005
66
What did Kloet et al find?
Activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
67
Who defined social support?
Thoits 2011
68
What are the functions of social support?
Emotional, informational + instrumental
69
Who looked at social support with family?
Afifi & MacMillian
70
What did Afifi and MacMillian find?
Stable family environments and supportive relationships associated with resilience following child maltreatment
71
Who looked at adolescent social support?
van Harmelen et al 2017
72
What did van Harmelen find?
Adolescent friendship support, but not adolescent family support, was positively associated with immediate and later resilient psychosocial functioning
73
Who looked at personality traits being related to psychopathology and positive mental health?
Lamers et al
74
What did Lamers et al do?
Looked at associations with psychopathology and neuroticism
Associations with positive mental health and E + A
75
What did Lamers et al find?
Neuroticism + psychopathology= r= -.52
Extraversion= r= .27
Agreeableness= r= .23
76
Who looked at personality and mental health?
Kotov et al
77
What did Kotov et al find?
Diagnostic groups (depression, anxiety, substance abuse) were high on N but low for C
Pattern for substance abuse= low C + A
Openness is unrelated
Links between personality and MH
78
What are the explanations for relationship between personality and mental health disorders?
Spectrum model
Common cause model
Vulnerability model
Scar model
79
What is the assumption of the spectrum model?
Assumes that neuroticism and psychopathology reflects the same process
N + P overlap so measures of N can tap into aspects of P
80
What is a criticism of the spectrum model?
Could it account of episodes of depression as traits are fairly stable but the risk of depression isn't
Doesn't account for people with low neurotiism who suffer episodes
81
What are the assumptions of the common cause model?
Personality traits and MH disorders share genetic and environmental determinants
N and MH are related but not causal
N relates to general risk
82
Who looked at the diathesis stress model?
Zubin and Spring 1977
83
What is the diathesis stress model of psychopathology?
Vulnerability factors predispose some of psychopathology when there is stress
84
What is vulnerability factors?
Genetic, biological, psychological factors
85
What is stress?
Significant life events that are undesirable and interfere with physiological and psychological homeostatis
86
Who looked at the vulnerability model?
Kendler et al 2006
87
What did Kendler et al find?
Neuroticism is the strongest predictor of depression
Extraversion isn't related
88
What are the assumptions of the scar model
If personality traits are higher after a MH episode has passed then it suggests scarring has occured
Changed in personality may persist after recovery
89
Who looked at the scar model?
Klein et al 2012
90
What did Klein et al find?
Findings may be due to residual symptoms
91
What is neuroticism in terms of psychopathology?
A marker of vulnerability
Shows differential change over time
Genetic influence of neuroticism is 40-50%
92
Who looked at personality effecting physical health?
Ormel et al
93
What did Ormel et al find?
Correlation between ‘neuroticism and physical symptoms reports’ p.909
There are wo outcomes= the Woody Allen neuroticism (Friedman 2000) which is hypochondria and overwhelmed by stress + assumptions that ‘neurotic individuals share psychobiological characteristics that render them vulnerable to physical ill-health’ p.909
94
Who looked at the link between personality and physical health?
Suls & Rittenhouse 1990
95
What are the assumptions of personality linking to physical health?
Personality plays a role in causing illness
Correlational link between personality and illness
Personality traits lead to behaviour that can increase the risk of illness
Illness results in changes to personality
96
What are the key points from personality playing a role in causing illness?
If PT affect biological activities the activities may affect the development of physical disease in healthy individuals
97
Who looked at personality plays a role in causing illness?
McMahon 1976
98
What did McMahon find?
Individuals with high levels of chronic stress or a tendency to internalise emotions may experience increased susceptibility to ulcers
Stress influenced by personality traits could lead to over-activation of the ANS resulting in increased stomach acid production or reduced mucosal protection, factors directly linked to ulcer development.
McMahon suggested that individuals who habitually suppress anger or anxiety might be at higher risk for stress-related illnesses, including ulcers.
99
What are the key points from the correlational link between personality and illness?
Biological processes may underpin personality and illness
100
Who looked at the correlational link between personality and illness?
Mathews et al 2003
101
What did Mathews et al 2003 find?
Certain genes may increase an individual's vulnerability to heart disease by influencing physiological pathways (related to inflammation, lipid metabolism, or stress reactivity)
Hostility was identified as a key psychological trait linked to cardiovascular disease.
The same genetic markers implicated in heart disease susceptibility were also associated with a predisposition to hostility.
102
What is an example of personality traits leading to certain behaviours that increase the risk of illness?
Novelty and sensation seeker have a lower appreciation for risk= more likely to engage in risky behaviours= risky behaviours lead to physical illness
103
What is an example of illness resulting in changed to personality?
Having chronic conditions may lead to individuals going out less and scoring lower on extraversion and higher on neuroticism measures
104
What is the journal article for neuroticism indicating vulnerability?
Ormel et al
105
What are the key points from Ormel et al
N linked to anxiety and depression
N scored ‘associated with life stress, psychological distress, emotional disorders…’ p.906
High N= high risk of psychopathology when stressful events occur as shown with Van Os and Jones 1999
Krabbendam et al 2002= N has a relationship with an onset of psychotic symptoms
106
What are the criticisms in Ormel et al?
Lack of successful research done to see the neurobiological basis of neuroticism
Problematic features of neuroticism scales as there is a ‘lack of well-defined time frame’ and ‘use value qualifiers of frequency, intensity and duration’ p.907
Little studies that ‘show that neuroticism scores may predict exposure to certain types of life events
