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Personality and Individual Differences > Emotional Intelligence > Flashcards

Emotional Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

‘The ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate
emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in the self and others
Maryer, Salovey and Caruso

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2
Q

Who made the emotional intelligence four branch model?

A

Mayer and Salovey

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3
Q

What is an ability model

A

Does not include personality
Measures on a specific theoretical framework
Follows the psychometric tradition by defining what the construct is

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4
Q

Who spoke about ability models?

A

Mayer et al

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5
Q

What did Mayer et al say?

A

Ability models allow identifying if EI, underatanding UO and how it relates to psychologial theories

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6
Q

What is mixed ability model?

A

Focus on real world application
Focus on defining an emotional intelligence person
Behavioural and personality characteristics

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7
Q

Who spoke about mixed models?

A

Emmerling and Goleman

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8
Q

What did Emmerling and Goleman say?

A

Mixed models of Ei are usfeul in occupational psychology

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9
Q

What is the basis of the Mayer and Salovey model?

A

Framed EI in a model of intelligence
Mental ability + informational processing model
Known as an ability model

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10
Q

What are the 4 branches of emotional intelligence (M & S)?

A

Managing emotions to attain specific goals
Understanding emotions, emotional language and signals
Using emotions to facilitate thinking
Perceive emotional in oneself and others accurately

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11
Q

What areas are the 4 branches in?

A

Experiential + strategic

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12
Q

What is the experiential area?

A

Perception and facilitating

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13
Q

What is the strategic area?

A

Understanding and managing abilities

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14
Q

What is the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test consist of?

A

141 items (30-45 mins to complete)
8 tasks (2 for each of the 4 branches of the EI model)
Self reports (social desirability)

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15
Q

What does the MSCEIT model provide?

A

15 main scores: total EI score, 2 area scores, 4 branch scores and 8 task scores

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16
Q

What does Mayer and Salovey see emotional intelligence as?

A

A series of mental ability

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17
Q

What are the gender differences with Mayer and Salovey?

A

Women tend to score significantly higher than men across perception, integration, understanding
and management.

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18
Q

Who looked at gender differences in M&S?

A

Day and Carrol

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19
Q

What did Day and Carrol find?

A

Effect size for emotional intelligence higher in women than men

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20
Q

Who formulated EI in terms of theory of performance?

A

Goleman 1995

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21
Q

What did Goleman’s theory of EI?

A

Emphasis on physiology such as the amygdala
Adapted to predict personal effectiveness at work and in leadership
A mixed ability model (use of both biological and personality factors)

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22
Q

What are 5 components within Goleman’s model that can enhance emotional intelligence?

A

Self-regulation
Self-awareness
Self-motivation
Empathy
Relationship management

Social skills added in later

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23
Q

What is self-awareness + self regulation?

A

Personal competencies

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24
Q

What are self-regulation and social skills together?

A

Emotional intelligences that are defined by regulation

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25
Q

What are the gender differences for Goleman’s?

A

Provided different descriptors of an emotionally intellgent man and woman

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26
Q

Who looked at the fight or flight response for Golekman’s?

A

Cannon

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27
Q

What did Cannon find?

A

Animals when under threat have physiological responses, firing of N and increase in H and NT, physical response

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28
Q

What is central of Goleman’s?

A

F + F for emotional intelligence

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29
Q

What are the 5 emotional intelligences according to Goleman?

A

Identify emotional states and understand the connection
Manage and control from undesirable to adequate
Ability to have emotional states that are related to a drive for achievement
Ability to assess and be sensitive
Ability to sustain good interpersonal relationships

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30
Q

Who placed EI in the context of personality theory?

A

Bar-on 2005

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31
Q

What is Bar-on’s theory?

A

Influenced by Darwin’s early work due to importance of emotional expression for survival
Mixed ability model

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32
Q

What is the main precursor in the Bar-on model of emotional intelligence?

A

Effective emotional and social functioning which leads to wellbeing

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33
Q

What does emotion-social intelligence consist of in Bar-on’s model?

A

Interrelated competence abilities that allow us to understand others, cope with our environment and express emotions

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34
Q

What are the 5 main components in Bar-on’s model?

A

Intrapersonal skills
Interpersonal skills
Adaptability
Stress management
General mood

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35
Q

What is intrapersonal?

A

Ability of recognise and express emotion
Self-awareness
Assertiveness
Self-regard

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36
Q

What is adaptability?

A

Ability to control and manage emotions (problem-solving and reality testing)

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37
Q

What is stress management?

A

Ability to manage, adapt and solve

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38
Q

What is general mood?

A

Generate positive affect (happiness and optimism)

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39
Q

What is interpersonal?

A

Ability to understand how others feel and relate to them

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40
Q

How many aspects are there of social and emotional competence?

A

15

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41
Q

Who looked at gender differences for Bar-On?

A

Bar-On 1997

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42
Q

What did Bar-On find?

A

No significant difference found between men and women for overall emotional intelligence. But
difference found across subscales

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43
Q

What is the emotional quotient inventory?

A

Self-report measure of emotionally and socially
intelligent behaviour that provides an estimate of emotional-social intelligence.

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44
Q

What does the What is the emotional quotient inventory consist of?

A

Contains 133 items, five point scoring (ranging from “very seldom or not true of me” to “very often true of me or true of me”).

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45
Q

What does th 5 scales of the emotional quotient inventory match with?

A

Five scales match up to the five domains from the Bar-On model, produces an overall emotional-social intelligence score.

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46
Q

What happens to the scores on the EMI)

A

Scores are standardised and converted to an EQ score
(Mean = 100, Standard Deviation = 15; just like IQ
scores!).

47
Q

What does a high score mean in the EQ-I)?

A

High score= effective emotional and social functioning

48
Q

What does a low score mean in the EQ-I?

A

Lower score= difficulty in managing daily demands and presence of emotional/social difficulties

49
Q

What is empathy?

A

Being able to take another person’s point of view and to imagine how they are thinking, feeling or perceiving
Psychological process
Cog + emotional (feel what others are feeling) processes

50
Q

What is empathy important?

A

Engage in moral reasoning
Anticipate others ractions
Underpins other psych abilities and behaviours

51
Q

What are the 4 psychological perspectives of empathy?

A

Social
Cog
Biological
Developmental

52
Q

Who looked at social perspectives of empathy?

A

Riva snd Andrighetto

53
Q

What is the social perspective of empathy?

A

We tend to empathise physical pain equally with
everyone, however we rate social pain as being more
painful for victims who are more similar to us

54
Q

Who looked at the cog perspective of empathy?

A

Bluck et al 2012

55
Q

What did Bluck et al find?

A

Participants who were asked to share their own
autobiographic memories of being in pain had higher
levels of empathy in the second measure of empathy towards both the young and elderly targets

56
Q

Who looked at biological perspective of empathy?

A

Jackson et al

57
Q

What did Jackson et al find?

A

Watching other experience painful experiences can
activate a region of the brain association with
personal pain

58
Q

Who looked at the developmental perspective of empathy?

A

Zahn-Waxler et al 1992

59
Q

What did Zahn-Waxler find?

A

Childrens expressions of concern and willingness to
help others steadily increased over the course of their second year of life.
Conversely their readiness to respond positively, so
such as laughing, steadily declined as they got older

60
Q

Who looked at emotional regulation?

A

Gross 1998

61
Q

What are the strategies for emotional regulation?

A

Conscious process
Unconscious process
External factors
Internal factors

62
Q

Who looked at the causes of emotional regulation?

A

Salovey and Sluyter

63
Q

What are the consequences of emotional regulation? (S & S)

A

Some children who have difficulty regulating their emotions seems to have problems in the domain of emotional intelligence

64
Q

Who looked at the causes of the consequences of emotional regulation?

A

Shields et al

65
Q

What did Shields et al find?

A

They have difficulty recognising and understanding their own emotions

66
Q

Who looked at children ho are at risk of emotional regulation problems develop these emotional regulation problems?

A

Bornstein
Manian and Bornstein

67
Q

What did Bornstein find?

A

High levels of emotional availability in parent child relationship are associated with good emotional regulation skills in infants

68
Q

What did Manian & Bornstein find?

A

Infants of mothers with depression seem to cope with their distress differently than infants whose mothers are not depressed

69
Q

What are the strategies to help with emotional regulation?

A

Focusing on specific behaviours
Developing greater understanding of emotions

70
Q

Who looked at focusing on specific behaviours for emotional regulation?

A

Kazdin

71
Q

What did Kazdin find?

A

A therapist might work with a child and his parents to develop strategies for modifying the child’s tendency to throw tantrums

72
Q

Who looked at developing understanding of emotions for emotional regulation?

A

Slaby et al

73
Q

What did Slaby et al 1995 find?

A

Expanding on the child’s ability to understand their own emotional states and those of others, assuming that such an increased awareness will lead to enhanced abilities to arrest an emotional surge before it gets out of control

74
Q

Who looked at applications of EI in the workplace?

A

Cooper

75
Q

What did Cooper find?

A

People with high levels of emotional intelligence experience more career success, build stronger personal relationships, lead more effectively, and enjoy better health than those with low EQ

76
Q

Who looked at EI and Emotional competence inventory?

A

Cavello and Brienza

77
Q

What did Cavello and Brienza find?

A

Superior performers scored higher in all four EI clusters (Self-Awareness, Self Management, Social Awareness, and Relationship Management)

78
Q

Who looked at MSCEIT and the workplace?

A

Lopes et al 2004

79
Q

What did Lopes et al find?

A

Higher scores on the MSCEIT predicted greater merit increases, higher company rank, better peer and supervisor ratings of interpersonal facilitation, stress tolerance, and leadership potential

80
Q

Who contradicts EI application in the workplace?

A

Barrett et al

81
Q

What did Barrett et al find?

A

Much of the existing evidence bearing on the role of EI in occupational success is anecdotal, impressionistic, or collected by consulting companies and not published in the peer-reviewed literature

82
Q

What is the Cattrell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence?

A

Creativity as a broad stratum with long term storage and retrieval, related to association

83
Q

Who looked at the 4 different approaches to creativity?

A

Runco

84
Q

What are the 4 approaches to creativity?

A

Person, process, press and product

85
Q

What is person?

A

Theory of personal characteristics
Creativity from successful sublimation

86
Q

What is process?

A

Focus on thought and action that underpin the creative process
There are 5 stages of process

87
Q

What are the 5 stages of process?

A

Preparation (focus on problem), incubation (internalise problem), intimidation (feels a solution to the problem), illumination (creativity emerges from unconscious into awareness), verification (idea is present in consciousness

88
Q

What thinking happens in the process?

A

Divergent + convergent

89
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

Generation of ideas to a problem

90
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

Develops a single and correct solution to a problem

91
Q

What is press?

A

Relationship between creative person + the environment
Refers to the pressures on the creative person

92
Q

Who looked at alpha and beta pressures?

A

Murray et al

93
Q

What is alpha pressures?

A

Obvious + measurable pressures

94
Q

What are beta pressures?

A

Individual interpretations of the pressure

95
Q

What are the situational influences that promote creativity?

A

Freedom, autotomy, good role models

96
Q

What are the situational influences that inhibit creativity?

A

Lack of respect, time pressures, neg feedback, time pressures

97
Q

What is the process?

A

Focus on outcomes

98
Q

Who looked at the process?

A

Diamond et al

99
Q

What did Diamond et al find?

A

Examined Einstein’s brain, found a smaller ratio of neuron cells tp glial cells compared to control, argued that the Cortex of Einstein played a role and may have had different metabolic need so had greater levels of creativity

100
Q

Who found that emotional intelligence links with creativity?

A

Geher et al, 2017 and further supported by
Sanchez-Ruiz et al., (2011).

101
Q

Who looked at EI and generosity?

A

Carmeli et al

102
Q

What did Carmeli et al find?

A

Emotionally intelligent employees display a high level of generosity; these acts of generosity nurture a sense of vigour, which in turn fosters creative behaviours

103
Q

What does positive affect do to creativity?

A

A mediating role (Parke et al 2015)

104
Q

Who looked at EI and education?

A

Petrides et al

105
Q

What did Petrides et al

A

EI moderates the relationship between IQ and academic performance as lower IQ students struggle
with demands of study,
however, aspects of emotional intelligence (positive self perceptions) might help facilitate academic performance.

106
Q

Who looked at EI and wellbeing?

A

Di Fabio & Kenny

107
Q

What did Di Fabio & Kenny find?

A

EI is associated with a variety of individual
and social resources, such as resilience, positive self- evaluation, and social support

108
Q

What is the protective factors against suicidal behaviours?

A

Emotional intelligence (Bonet et al 2020) and social support

109
Q

What are the criticisms of EI?

A

Models of EI are very diffferent that noone can encompass all the abilities associated with EI
Salovey and Mayer’s definition of EI is arbituary to assign the label intelligence
Mixed models are an issue as they are combining personality and emotion which is unscientific (however the models allow us to see how the behaviours come together to define high performance)
Some self report of EI correlate with personality measures but MSCEIT does not (other things can predict EI)

110
Q

What are the criticisms with EI assessment in the workplace?

A

Ethical concerns with the measurement and evaluation of an individual’s emotional and
social skills (Fragouli, 2007)
E.g. Privacy and consent, impact on welling, stigmatising

111
Q

What are the cultural issues with EI?

A

EI models were created by Americans
Sharma et al= factor structure in Germany and India is different for these two cultures

112
Q

Who found the refutes for cultural differences for EI?

A

Karim et al 2010

113
Q

What did Karim et al find?

A

MSCEIT factor structure was fairly similar across Pakistani and French students

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