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Abnormal Pyschology > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Features for diagnosis

A
  1. Pattern manifestation in 2+ areas (Cognition,emotion, interpersonal functioning or impulse control)
  2. Rigid and consistent pattern across many contexts
  3. Distress/ impairment
  4. Stability and long duration of symptoms
  5. Behaviour not caused by another mental illness
  6. Behaviour not caused by substance abuse
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2
Q

Areas of pattern manifestation

A

Cognition
Emotion
Interpersonal Functioning
Impulse control

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3
Q

How should Personality Disorders be assessed

A

Through structured interviews

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4
Q

Can Personality Disorders be self-assessed

A

No, they should only be assessed through structured interviews

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5
Q

Diagnostic issues in PDs

A 
Low reliability (time and people)
Gender/ Cultural issues 
Co-morbidity/overlap
Weak treatment efficacy 
Poorly understood etiology
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6
Q

Etiology Theories

A

Psychodynamic
Attachment Theory
Cognitive Behavioural
Biological

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7
Q

Psychodynamic Theories

A

Problem in parent-child relationships leads to

inadequate sense of self

Issues relating to other people

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8
Q

Attachment Theories

A

Poor parent-child attachment > Poor adult attachment > Interpersonal relationship problems

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9
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Theories

A

Rigid, inflexible schemas
Invalidating environment
Modelling inappropriate behaviours

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10
Q

Biological Theories

A

Genetics
Brain Functioning
Emotion Regulation

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11
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A

Odd/Eccentric Disorders

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12
Q

What disorders are included in Cluster A PDs

A

Paranoid Disorder
Schizoid Disorder
Schizotypal Disorder

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13
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

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14
Q

How many Criterion must be met for a Paranoid PD diagnosis

A

4+ criteria

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15
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder more common in which gender

A

Males

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16
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Pervasive disinterest in social relationships and restricted affect

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17
Q

How many criterion must be met for a schizoid PD diagnosis

A

4+ criteria

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18
Q

Schizoid PD and social skills

A

They don’t have social skills and are not interested in learning them

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19
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Pervasive pattern and social deficits, discomfort in interpersonal relationships, and perceptual distortion or eccentricities

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20
Q

Treatment of Schizotypal Disorder

A

Anti-Psychotics and Anti-Depressants

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21
Q

Schizotypal PD more common in

A

Males

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22
Q

How to Cluster A PDs differ from schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia is more severe

Schizotypal Pd may be a mild form of schizophrenia

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23
Q

Can Cluster A PDs predict psychotic disorders

A

Cluster A PDs can be a precursor

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24
Q

When may Cluster A PDs appear

A

Childhood and Adolescents

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25
Q

Cluster B PDs

A

Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic Disorders

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26
Q

What disorders are included in Cluster B PDs

A

Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Histrionic PD
Narcissistic PD

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27
Q

Are Antisocial and Psychopathy the same disorder

A

No they are different

Not all people with APD are psychopaths

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28
Q

Which is more severe APD or Psychopathy

A

Psychopathy is more severe

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29
Q

Is psychopathy a formal diagnosis

A

No, there is no formal diagnosis of psychopathy

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30
Q

Most psychopaths have APD

A

True

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31
Q

Most APD individuals are psychopaths

A

False

Only a small proportion have APD individuals have psychopathy

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32
Q

Antisocial PD

A

Pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others

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33
Q

How many criterion must be met for a APD

A

3+ criteria

34
Q

Must have conduct disorder prior to the age of 15 to be diagnosised with APD

35
Q

How much does heiritability account for aggression

A

44% to 72%

36
Q

Fearlessness Hypothesis of APD

A

APD individuals are less prone to fear therefore less inhibited to dangerous and illicit activities

37
Q

Reliability of APD

A

High behavioural reliability

38
Q

Treatment of APD

A

Psychotherapy (aimed at symptoms and behaviour)

Meds (Manage threatening behaviour)

39
Q

Factors for psychopathy

A
  1. Interpersonal and affective ( superficially charming, grandiose, pathological lying, lack of remorse)
  2. Antisocial behaviour and lifestyle (Easily bored, lack of realistic long-term goals, impulsive, irresponsible)
  3. Promiscuous (casual sexual relationships)
  4. Many short-term relationships
40
Q

Assessment of psychopathy

A

Psychopathy checklist

High validity

41
Q

Can psychopathy predict future violence

A

Yes it can

42
Q

Psychopaths commit what types of violence

A

Cold blooded
Goal oriented
Sadistic and Gratuitous

43
Q

Biological Theories of Psychopathy

A

Hypoactive amygdala

Genetics

44
Q

Environmental theories of Psychopathy

A

Abusive environment and disturbed living arrangements

45
Q

Primary Psychopaths

46
Q

Secondary Psychopaths

A

Sensitivity to rewards

47
Q

Treatment of Psychopathy

A

Treatment- resistant
Contingency management

Intensive supervision
Preventive Detention

48
Q

Borderline PD

A

Pervasive instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect with marked impulsivity

49
Q

How many criteria are needed for BPD

A

5+ criteria

50
Q

What % retain a BPD diagnosis after 10 years

51
Q

Biological etiology

A

Mild brain dysfunction

52
Q

Childhood experiences causing BPD

A

Child abuse/neglect
Child sexual abuse
Attachment problems with parents
Modelling

Linehan’s Biosocial Theory

53
Q

Linehan’s Biosocial Theory

A

BPD is a dysfunction of emotion regulation

54
Q

Treatment for BPD

A

DBT

4 Modules over 12 months

55
Q

BPD medication treatment

A

Anti-depressants
Anti-psychotics
Anti- Convulsants

56
Q

What are anti-convulsants used for in BPD

A

Emotional instability

Impulsivity

57
Q

Histrionic PD

A

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking

58
Q

How many symptoms are needed for a HPD diagnosis

A

5+ symptoms

59
Q

Cultural consideration of HPD

A

Behaviour must be distressing or impairing functioning

60
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy

61
Q

How many symptoms are needed for a NPD diagnosis

A

5+ symptoms

62
Q

What is NPD associated with

A

Frequent internet and social media use

63
Q

Gender Differences in NPD

A

50% - 75% are males

64
Q

Cluster C PDs

A

Anxious and Fearful Disorders

65
Q

What disorders are under Cluster C

A

Avoidant PD
Dependent PD
Obsessive-compulsive PD

66
Q

Avoidant PD

A

Social Inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

67
Q

How many symptoms are needed for an Avoidant PD diagnosis

A

4+ symptoms

68
Q

Precursor for Avoidant PD

69
Q

What is Avoidant PD similar to

A

Social anxiety but more severe

70
Q

Gender Differences in Avoidant PD

A

Occurs equally in men and women

71
Q

Dependent PD

A

Need to be taken care of, leading to clingy behaviour and fear of separation

72
Q

How many symptoms are needed for an Avoidant PD diagnosis

A

5+ symptoms

73
Q

When should a DPD diagnosis not be made

A

When dependent behaviour is necessary

Kids
Elders

74
Q

In which cultures is there a high prevalence of DPD

A

Individualistic cultures

75
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive PD

A

Pattern of perfection, order and control

76
Q

How many symptoms are needed for an OCPD diagnosis

A

4+ symptoms

77
Q

Gender Differences in OCPD

A

More common in males

78
Q

How is OCPD different from OCD

A

There is a pattern of inflexibility and perfectionism in OCPD

Obsessions and Compulsions occur in OCD

79
Q

What makes the treatment of PDs difficult

A

PDs are ego-syntonic illnesses (Person doesn’t find a problem)

High drop-out rates

Difficult therapeutic alliance

80
Q

Therapy for PDs

A

Object-relations therapy

CBT

81
Q

CBT for PDs

A

Cognitive Restructuring
Schema focused Therapy
Dialectical Behavioural Therapy
Social Skills Training

Abnormal Pyschology (8 decks)

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