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Abnormal Pyschology > Dissociative and Somatic Symptoms > Flashcards

Dissociative and Somatic Symptoms Flashcards

1
Q

Sigmund Freud explanation of dissociation

A

Due to sexual trauma and impulses

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2
Q

What is Dissociation

A

Lack of normal integration of thoughts, identity, memory and consciousness

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3
Q

Defining symptom of Dissociative Disorders

A

Dissociation

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4
Q

What are dissociative experiences linked to?

A

Trauma and Distress

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5
Q

Types of Dissociative Disorders

A

Dissociative Amnesia (Dissociative fugue)
Depersonalization/ Derealization
Dissociative Identity Disorder

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6
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Can’t recall significant personal info
There is no biological cause for memory issue

Sudden onset, related to trauma

5 patterns of memory loss

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7
Q

5 patterns of memory loss

A 
Localized Amnesia
Selective Amnesia 
Continous Amnesia 
Systematized Amnesia 
Generalized Amnesia
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8
Q

Localized Amnesia

A

Can’t remember a specific time period (several hours to 1-2 days)

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9
Q

Selective Amnesia

A

Only some parts of a trauma can be remembered.

A veteran of a war may recall some details, such as taking prisoners, but not others, such as seeing a good friend get hit.

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10
Q

Continuous Amnesia

A

Can’t remember from a specific date to present day.

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11
Q

Systematized Amnesia

A

Certain categories of info are forgotten.

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12
Q

Generalized Amnesia

A

Person forgets entire life.

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13
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Forget identity and move away, assume new identity and start life over.

Sudden and unexpected travel away from home or work

Inability to recall past.

Must be differentiated from malingering

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14
Q

Repressed Memories

A

Controversial
Certain life events are repressed to help coping

False memory syndrome

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15
Q

False Memory Syndrome

A

People are made to remember events that never occurred, by therapists

Many people falsely accuse and imprison based on uncovered ‘repressed’ memories

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16
Q

Depersonalization/ Derealization

A

Depersonalization: sense of unreality/detachment from self

Derealization: disconnect with surroundings

Chronic
No memory or identity impairment

May be due to brain abnormalities in perceptual pathways

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17
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

Multiple Personality Disorder

2 or more personalities take over person’s behaviours.

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18
Q

What triggers Switching between alters usually

A

Stressful event or cue.

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19
Q

How many alters must be present for diagnosis of DID

A

At least 2

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20
Q

Can alters be aware of each other?

A

Yes they can be but not necessarily

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21
Q

How many alters does an average DID patient have

A

Host+ average of 13-16 ‘alters’

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22
Q

Ethology of Dissociative Disorders

A

Trauma Model
Socio-Cognitive Model
Pseudogenic Theory

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23
Q

Trauma Model

A

Diathesis-Stress Model

Result as a response to trauma and personality traits that predispose them to use dissociation as a defence mechanism

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24
Q

Evidence to support trauma model

A

Patients report higher rate of sexual abuse

Higher rate of dissociation among traumatized individuals

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25
Q

Socio-Cogniotive Model

A

Multiple personality is roleplaying due to selective reinforcement of symptoms

Leading questions and demand characteristics.

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26
Q

Evidence for Socio-Cognitive Model

A

DID is usually diagnosed in adulthood, not childhood, when it supposedly starts

27
Q

Pseudogenic Theory

A

Occurs due to secondary gains

Financial gain
Legal benefits
Needy, attention-seeking behaviour

28
Q

Treatment

A

Try to cope with stress and trauma better

Psychotherapy
Hypnosis
Medication

29
Q

Psychotherapy

A

3 stages

Step 1: Build rapport
Step 2: Coping skills
Step 3: Reintegration of personalities

30
Q

Hypnosis

A

Popular but criticized

31
Q

Medication

A

Only helpful for comorbid disorders

32
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorders

A

Physical symptoms, usually no physical cause

Physical cause may be present but psychological stress must be more

33
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Loss of functioning, despite no medical abnormality

Through medical examination needed prior to diagnosis to rule out a medical causes (Abnormal medical readings, inconsistencies and unusual symptom patterns. )

34
Q

Characteristics of Somatic Symptom Disorders (Long)

A

Usually no physical cause

Preoccupation with minor symptoms (physical) and normal bodily functioning

No control over symptoms 
Many forms (sensory impairment, muscular issues)

5-20% of patients

35
Q

Prevalence of Conversion Disorder

A

0.4%

36
Q

Characteristics of Somatic Symptom Disorders (Short)

A

Cause
Preoccupation
Control
Forms

37
Q

Diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

One or more somatic symptom +

Distress
Impairment
Presence/absence of medical condition

38
Q

Etiology of SSD

A

High sensitivity to bodily sensations, blamed on disease

Not reassured by negative medical results

39
Q

Pain Subtype

A

Main Symptom is pain
May/may not have physical cause but worry is excessive

Mindfulness and CBT help

Can be come dependent of painkillers

40
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Worry of disease despite negative results
Must last at least 6 months

No physical symptoms
Can be triggered by health information

41
Q

Factitious Disorder

A

Faking or generating to get medical attention

Can use dangerous methods to generate symptoms

42
Q

Common motivations of factitious disorder

A

Sympathy, care and attention.

43
Q

Diagnosis of Factitious Disorder

A

No evidence of a secondary/external reward for faking.

44
Q

Etiology of SSD, IAD and FD

A

Biopsychosocial Model
Biological and physiological factors
Psychological Factors
Social Factors

45
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

Interaction of different factors

46
Q

Biological and physiological factors

A

Chronic stress and HPA axis

47
Q

Psychological Factors

A

cognitive factors, emotions and personality

48
Q

Social Factors

A

early adversities and abuse

49
Q

Treatment

A

CBT (Most common)
Cognitive techniques
Emotional techniques
Behavioural techniques

50
Q

Cognitive Techniques

A

Cognitive restructuring

Changing automatic thoughts and preoccupations

51
Q

Emotional techniques

A

Coping strategies
Emotion regulation

Relaxation techniques
Identifying, understanding and regulating emotions/stress

52
Q

Behavioural Techniques

A

Behavioural activation

Reducing sick role behaviours

53
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Now a obsessive-compulsive disorder

Preoccupation with exaggerated defect in appearance
Repetitive checking behaviours

54
Q

Preoccupation with Defect

A

Intrusive, time consuming and hard to control

Specific or vague

55
Q

Repetitive checking behaviours

A

Time consuming

Common Behaviours 
Mirrors 
Comparisons with others 
Camouflaging 
Seeking reassurance
56
Q

% of BDD patients that attempt suicide

A

25%

57
Q

When does BDD begin

A

Adulthood, teenage years

Tends to be chronic

58
Q

BDD vs OCD

A

Similarity: obsessions and compulsive behaviour
Difference: obsessions focus on appearance and have greater severity in BDD

59
Q

BDD vs. Eating Disorders

A

Similarities: Obsessions and concern over appearance
Differences: BDD obsessions focus on more than just weight and fat.

60
Q

BDD vs. psychotic Disorders

A

Similarities: Delusional Beliefs
Differences: no other positive or negative symptoms.

61
Q

Prevalence of BDD

A

2-2.5%
Women have more comorbid eating disorder rates
Men have more genital and muscle preoccupation

62
Q

CBT for BDD

A

Thought restructuring
Exposure exercises
Ritual prevention
Perceptual retraining

63
Q

Ritual prevention

A

Preventing compulsive behaviours

64
Q

Perceptual retraining

A

focus on the ‘whole’, not a specific part

Abnormal Pyschology (8 decks)

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