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Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Anxiety

A

Feeling threatened by the potential of a negative event

Fear

Triggers fight or flight response

Panic

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2
Q

Most common emotion felt in anxiety

A

Fear

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3
Q

Most common emotional state of anxiety

A

Panic

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4
Q

Gender differences in Anxiety

A

More common in women

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5
Q

Normal Anxiety vs. Abnormal Anxiety

A
  1. More intense
  2. Lasts longer (Months)
  3. Feeling of powerlessness
  4. Interference with daily functioning
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6
Q

4 Daily functioning impacted by anxiety

A

Sleep patterns
Work life
Daily activities
Relationships

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7
Q

Biological causes of Anxiety

A

30-40% heritability (weak to moderate)
Non-specific genetic risk
Neural fear circuit
Neurotransmitter system involvement

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8
Q

Neural fear circuit

A

Thalamus-Amygdala- hypothalamus- mid-brain- brain stem-Spinal cord

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9
Q

Neurotransmitter systems involved in anxiety

A

GABA: Most important in anxiety, inhibitory function in brain

Serotonin: general arousal regulatory functions in CNS

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10
Q

What do many anti-anxiety meds target

A

Neurotransmitter systems

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11
Q

Behavioural Factors

A

2 factor model

Fears developed by vicarious learning/modeling

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12
Q

2 Factor model

A
  1. Fears acquired through classical conditioning

2. Maintained by operant conditioning

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13
Q

Cognitive Factors

A

Core values
Information processing
Automatic thoughts

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14
Q

Core values that cause anxiety

A

Helplessness

Vulnerability

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15
Q

Interpersonal Factors

A

Cognitive styles via improper parenting

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

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16
Q

What attachment style predicts anxiety problems

A

Anxious-Ambivalent attachment

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17
Q

What is Anxious-Ambivalent attachment style?

A

Avoidant to get attached but clingy when attached

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18
Q

Types of Anxiety Disorders

A 
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 
Panic Disorder 
Agoraphobia 
Specific Phobia 
Social Anxiety Disorder
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19
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Unexpected, recurrent panic (overwhelming anxiety) attacks

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20
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Avoidance of situations, not easy to escape

Fear of going out to public places

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21
Q

Who is a primary candidate for diagnosis of panic disorder

A

Whose panic attacks are not cued by a particular situation

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22
Q

Theories about Panic Disorder

A

Cognitive Theory
Anxiety Sensitivity
Alarm Theory

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23
Q

Cognitive Theory of Panic Disorders

A

Misunderstanding of bodily sensations to be more severe than they really are

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24
Q

Alarm Theory

A

False Alarm

Fight/Flight set off by emotional cue

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25
Specific Phobia
Persistent fear and avoidance of a specific situation or object
26
What is needed to be diagnosed with specific phobia
Fear interferes with functioning and is considered excessive
27
Can classical conditioning explain all phobias
No
28
Equipotentiality
All stimuli have equal potential to become a phobia
29
Is equipotentiality a proper premise for specific phobia
No, we usually don't fear chairs
30
Nonassociative model
Some fears are evolutionary | spiders,water, heights
31
Biological preparedness
Combines associative and Nonassociative models Biological predisposition make it easier to condition a phobia
32
Social Anxiety Disorder
Intense fear and avoidance of social/performance situations worry about scrutiny and negative evaluation
33
Types of Social Anxiety Disorder
Non-generalized (Performance-based) Generalized (Social Anxiety)
34
When is anxiety normal?
Is small and infrequent
35
When is anxiety abnormal
There is excessive apprehension and worry
36
Components of Anxiety
Physiological Cognitive Behavioural
37
Physiological component of anxiety
Changes in autonomous nervous system Breathing Heart Rate Muscle tone
38
Cognitive component of anxiety
Changes in Attention | Thoughts
39
Behavioural components of Anxiety
Avoidance
40
Most prevalent category of mental illness
Anxiety problems
41
Untreated anxiety disorders
Chronic, disabling, affect quality of life
42
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chronic and high levels of anxiety not tied to a specific threat
43
Main characteristics of GAD
High levels of chronic anxiety Meta-anxiety: worrying about worrying Physical symptoms
44
Symptoms of Specific Phobias
Fear of object/situation Physical Symptoms Interference with normal functioning Irrational fears (often)
45
Symptoms of Panic Disorder
Persistent worry/concern over getting panic attacks Sudden and unexpected panic attacks Physical symptoms Possible agoraphobia
46
Inhibited temperament (Behavioural inhibition)
Withdrawal from situations when uncomfortable or feeling stressed linked to development of SAD
47
Anxiety Sensitivity
Sensitive to physiological symptoms of anxiety which lead to more anxiety Overreact with fear
48
Neurotransmitters involved
GABA | Serotonin
49
Classical Conditioning of Anxiety Responses
A unconditioned stimuli is paired with a frightening event
50
Operant Conditioning of Anxiety Responses
Fear is acquired Situation/ Object is avoided Fear is reinforced by reduction of anxiety
51
Cognitive Biases
1. Misinterpretation of harmless situations 2. Excessive focus on perceived threats 3. Selective recollection
52
Selective recollection
Recall information that seems threatening
53
Is there a link between stress and anxiety
There may be a connection
54
Previous Anxiety disorders (Moved from DSM-5)
Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Acute Stress Disorder Hoarding Disorder
55
Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder
Obsessions and Compulsive behaviours, usually unreasonable
56
Obsessions
Persistent, intrusive and uncontrollable thoughts Example: worry about running someone over when driving
57
Compulsions
Behaviours to alleviate obsessive thoughts Going back along your route to make sure you haven't hit someone
58
Thought- action fusion
The belief that having a thought makes it more likely of it happening Thinking about running someone over makes it more likely for you to hit someone
59
Is OCD ego- dystonic or ego- syntonic
Ego dystonic | They believe they have a problem
60
Etiology of OCD
Serotonin imbalance | Misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts
61
How to alleviate OCD
SSRIs to deal with the serotonin imbalance
62
Gender differences in OCD
2/3 women
63
Subtypes of OCD
Contamination Responsibility for mistakes/harm Incompleteness Unacceptable taboo
64
Compulsions of unacceptable taboo
Mental rituals
65
Hoarding Disorder
Difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of value
66
Where does distress come from in hoarding disorder
Discarding items, perceived to be needed to be saved
67
What does hoarding result in
Accumulation of items
68
Specifier for hoarding disorder
Excessive acquisition
69
Post traumatic stress disorder
Exposure to a traumatic event leads to re-experiencing trauma, avoidance of trauma-related stressors and increased arousal
70
Traumatic event in PTSD
Traumatic event or multiple exposures
71
Can one get PTSD from television/media exposure
No, the trauma must be experienced first hand
72
How many symptoms of PTSD are in the DSM-5
20 symptoms in 4 categories
73
Categories of PTSD symptoms
Intrusive symptoms Avoidance symptoms Cognition and mood symptoms Hyperarousal and reactivity symptoms
74
Duration of PTSD prior to diagnosis
1 month of trauma related symptoms | with distress and impaired functioning
75
Acute Stressor Disorder
Same as PTSD with shorter duration
76
How many symptoms of ASD are in the DSM-5
14 symptoms in 5 categories
77
Categories of ASD symptoms
``` Intrusion symptoms Negative Mood Dissociative symptoms Avoidance symptoms Arousal symptoms ```
78
Duration of ASD prior to diagnosis
3 days to 1 month | with distress and impaired functioning
79
Risk factors for PTSD
Low SES, Education intelligence, childhood environment, severity of trigger and social support
80
How many symptoms needed to diagnosis GAD
3 symptoms + worry
81
Difference in thinking between GAD and MDD
MDD: thoughts focus on past GAD: Thoughts focus on past
82
Etiological Models of GAD
Intolerance of uncertainty | Worry due to an uncertain future
83
Treatment for Anxiety
CBT | Pharmacology
84
Pharmacological Treatment
Antidepressants used most often (most effective) Tricyclic antidepressants (Norepinephrine and serotonin) SSRIs (Serotonin)
85
What does the use of antidepressants in anxiety treatment suggest
An overlap between anxiety and depression
86
What pharmacological treatments are not used any longer
Minor tranquilizers | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
87
CBT treatment for Anxiety
Cognitive Restructuring Exposure Techniques Relaxation Exercises
88
Cognitive Restructuring
Change faulty and maladaptive thoughts | Monitor thoughts to make them more neutral
89
Exposure Techniques
Increase exposure Flood Response prevention
90
Increase exposure
Systematic Desensitization: Work through fear hierarchy | Least to most fear
91
Flooding
Starting exposure with most feared item
92
Interoceptive exposure
Induce anxiety related symptoms
93
Response Prevention
Do not let patient participant in anxiety reducing behaviours.
94
Relaxation Exercises
Reduce anxiety arousal | Mindfulness, muscle relaxation
95
Why is anxiety important (normal)
Causes goal directed behaviour Keeps one motivated to follow social norms

Abnormal Pyschology (8 decks)

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