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Abnormal Pyschology > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Anxiety

A

Feeling threatened by the potential of a negative event

Fear

Triggers fight or flight response

Panic

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2
Q

Most common emotion felt in anxiety

A

Fear

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3
Q

Most common emotional state of anxiety

A

Panic

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4
Q

Gender differences in Anxiety

A

More common in women

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5
Q

Normal Anxiety vs. Abnormal Anxiety

A
  1. More intense
  2. Lasts longer (Months)
  3. Feeling of powerlessness
  4. Interference with daily functioning
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6
Q

4 Daily functioning impacted by anxiety

A

Sleep patterns
Work life
Daily activities
Relationships

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7
Q

Biological causes of Anxiety

A

30-40% heritability (weak to moderate)
Non-specific genetic risk
Neural fear circuit
Neurotransmitter system involvement

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8
Q

Neural fear circuit

A

Thalamus-Amygdala- hypothalamus- mid-brain- brain stem-Spinal cord

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9
Q

Neurotransmitter systems involved in anxiety

A

GABA: Most important in anxiety, inhibitory function in brain

Serotonin: general arousal regulatory functions in CNS

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10
Q

What do many anti-anxiety meds target

A

Neurotransmitter systems

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11
Q

Behavioural Factors

A

2 factor model

Fears developed by vicarious learning/modeling

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12
Q

2 Factor model

A
  1. Fears acquired through classical conditioning

2. Maintained by operant conditioning

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13
Q

Cognitive Factors

A

Core values
Information processing
Automatic thoughts

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14
Q

Core values that cause anxiety

A

Helplessness

Vulnerability

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15
Q

Interpersonal Factors

A

Cognitive styles via improper parenting

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

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16
Q

What attachment style predicts anxiety problems

A

Anxious-Ambivalent attachment

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17
Q

What is Anxious-Ambivalent attachment style?

A

Avoidant to get attached but clingy when attached

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18
Q

Types of Anxiety Disorders

A 
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 
Panic Disorder 
Agoraphobia 
Specific Phobia 
Social Anxiety Disorder
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19
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Unexpected, recurrent panic (overwhelming anxiety) attacks

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20
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Avoidance of situations, not easy to escape

Fear of going out to public places

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21
Q

Who is a primary candidate for diagnosis of panic disorder

A

Whose panic attacks are not cued by a particular situation

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22
Q

Theories about Panic Disorder

A

Cognitive Theory
Anxiety Sensitivity
Alarm Theory

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23
Q

Cognitive Theory of Panic Disorders

A

Misunderstanding of bodily sensations to be more severe than they really are

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24
Q

Alarm Theory

A

False Alarm

Fight/Flight set off by emotional cue

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25
Q

Specific Phobia

A

Persistent fear and avoidance of a specific situation or object

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26
Q

What is needed to be diagnosed with specific phobia

A

Fear interferes with functioning and is considered excessive

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27
Q

Can classical conditioning explain all phobias

A

No

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28
Q

Equipotentiality

A

All stimuli have equal potential to become a phobia

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29
Q

Is equipotentiality a proper premise for specific phobia

A

No, we usually don’t fear chairs

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30
Q

Nonassociative model

A

Some fears are evolutionary

spiders,water, heights

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31
Q

Biological preparedness

A

Combines associative and Nonassociative models

Biological predisposition make it easier to condition a phobia

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32
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Intense fear and avoidance of social/performance situations worry about scrutiny and negative evaluation

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33
Q

Types of Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Non-generalized (Performance-based)

Generalized (Social Anxiety)

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34
Q

When is anxiety normal?

A

Is small and infrequent

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35
Q

When is anxiety abnormal

A

There is excessive apprehension and worry

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36
Q

Components of Anxiety

A

Physiological
Cognitive
Behavioural

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37
Q

Physiological component of anxiety

A

Changes in autonomous nervous system
Breathing
Heart Rate
Muscle tone

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38
Q

Cognitive component of anxiety

A

Changes in Attention

Thoughts

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39
Q

Behavioural components of Anxiety

40
Q

Most prevalent category of mental illness

A

Anxiety problems

41
Q

Untreated anxiety disorders

A

Chronic, disabling, affect quality of life

42
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Chronic and high levels of anxiety not tied to a specific threat

43
Q

Main characteristics of GAD

A

High levels of chronic anxiety
Meta-anxiety: worrying about worrying
Physical symptoms

44
Q

Symptoms of Specific Phobias

A

Fear of object/situation
Physical Symptoms
Interference with normal functioning
Irrational fears (often)

45
Q

Symptoms of Panic Disorder

A

Persistent worry/concern over getting panic attacks
Sudden and unexpected panic attacks
Physical symptoms
Possible agoraphobia

46
Q

Inhibited temperament (Behavioural inhibition)

A

Withdrawal from situations when uncomfortable or feeling stressed

linked to development of SAD

47
Q

Anxiety Sensitivity

A

Sensitive to physiological symptoms of anxiety which lead to more anxiety

Overreact with fear

48
Q

Neurotransmitters involved

A

GABA

Serotonin

49
Q

Classical Conditioning of Anxiety Responses

A

A unconditioned stimuli is paired with a frightening event

50
Q

Operant Conditioning of Anxiety Responses

A

Fear is acquired
Situation/ Object is avoided
Fear is reinforced by reduction of anxiety

51
Q

Cognitive Biases

A
  1. Misinterpretation of harmless situations
  2. Excessive focus on perceived threats
  3. Selective recollection
52
Q

Selective recollection

A

Recall information that seems threatening

53
Q

Is there a link between stress and anxiety

A

There may be a connection

54
Q

Previous Anxiety disorders (Moved from DSM-5)

A

Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder
Hoarding Disorder

55
Q

Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder

A

Obsessions and Compulsive behaviours, usually unreasonable

56
Q

Obsessions

A

Persistent, intrusive and uncontrollable thoughts

Example: worry about running someone over when driving

57
Q

Compulsions

A

Behaviours to alleviate obsessive thoughts

Going back along your route to make sure you haven’t hit someone

58
Q

Thought- action fusion

A

The belief that having a thought makes it more likely of it happening

Thinking about running someone over makes it more likely for you to hit someone

59
Q

Is OCD ego- dystonic or ego- syntonic

A

Ego dystonic

They believe they have a problem

60
Q

Etiology of OCD

A

Serotonin imbalance

Misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts

61
Q

How to alleviate OCD

A

SSRIs to deal with the serotonin imbalance

62
Q

Gender differences in OCD

63
Q

Subtypes of OCD

A

Contamination
Responsibility for mistakes/harm
Incompleteness
Unacceptable taboo

64
Q

Compulsions of unacceptable taboo

A

Mental rituals

65
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

Difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of value

66
Q

Where does distress come from in hoarding disorder

A

Discarding items, perceived to be needed to be saved

67
Q

What does hoarding result in

A

Accumulation of items

68
Q

Specifier for hoarding disorder

A

Excessive acquisition

69
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder

A

Exposure to a traumatic event leads to re-experiencing trauma, avoidance of trauma-related stressors and increased arousal

70
Q

Traumatic event in PTSD

A

Traumatic event or multiple exposures

71
Q

Can one get PTSD from television/media exposure

A

No, the trauma must be experienced first hand

72
Q

How many symptoms of PTSD are in the DSM-5

A

20 symptoms in 4 categories

73
Q

Categories of PTSD symptoms

A

Intrusive symptoms
Avoidance symptoms
Cognition and mood symptoms
Hyperarousal and reactivity symptoms

74
Q

Duration of PTSD prior to diagnosis

A

1 month of trauma related symptoms

with distress and impaired functioning

75
Q

Acute Stressor Disorder

A

Same as PTSD with shorter duration

76
Q

How many symptoms of ASD are in the DSM-5

A

14 symptoms in 5 categories

77
Q

Categories of ASD symptoms

A 
Intrusion symptoms 
Negative Mood 
Dissociative  symptoms 
Avoidance symptoms 
Arousal symptoms
78
Q

Duration of ASD prior to diagnosis

A

3 days to 1 month

with distress and impaired functioning

79
Q

Risk factors for PTSD

A

Low SES, Education intelligence, childhood environment, severity of trigger and social support

80
Q

How many symptoms needed to diagnosis GAD

A

3 symptoms + worry

81
Q

Difference in thinking between GAD and MDD

A

MDD: thoughts focus on past
GAD: Thoughts focus on past

82
Q

Etiological Models of GAD

A

Intolerance of uncertainty

Worry due to an uncertain future

83
Q

Treatment for Anxiety

A

CBT

Pharmacology

84
Q

Pharmacological Treatment

A

Antidepressants used most often (most effective)
Tricyclic antidepressants (Norepinephrine and serotonin)
SSRIs (Serotonin)

85
Q

What does the use of antidepressants in anxiety treatment suggest

A

An overlap between anxiety and depression

86
Q

What pharmacological treatments are not used any longer

A

Minor tranquilizers

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

87
Q

CBT treatment for Anxiety

A

Cognitive Restructuring
Exposure Techniques
Relaxation Exercises

88
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A

Change faulty and maladaptive thoughts

Monitor thoughts to make them more neutral

89
Q

Exposure Techniques

A

Increase exposure
Flood
Response prevention

90
Q

Increase exposure

A

Systematic Desensitization: Work through fear hierarchy

Least to most fear

91
Q

Flooding

A

Starting exposure with most feared item

92
Q

Interoceptive exposure

A

Induce anxiety related symptoms

93
Q

Response Prevention

A

Do not let patient participant in anxiety reducing behaviours.

94
Q

Relaxation Exercises

A

Reduce anxiety arousal

Mindfulness, muscle relaxation

95
Q

Why is anxiety important (normal)

A

Causes goal directed behaviour

Keeps one motivated to follow social norms

Abnormal Pyschology (8 decks)

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