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Psych Block 2 > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Define personality.

A
  • Emotional and behavioral traits that characterize the person in day-to-day living under ordinary conditions
  • Cognition, affect, behavior (impulse control) and interpersonal style
  • Relatively stable and predictable
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2
Q

Define personality disorder.

A

Longstanding pervasive and inflexible patterns of behavior

  • Depart from cultural expectation
  • Impair social and occupational functioning
  • Cause emotional distress
  • Coded as Axis II and can be co-morbid with Axis I
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3
Q

When can personality disorder generally be diagnosed?

A

Personality disorder cannot generally be diagnosed until after puberty (i.e. around early 20s)

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4
Q

What is negative affectivity?

A
  • Involves experiencing negative emotions frequently and intensely.
  • Trait facets: Emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity, perseveration, submissiveness, hostility, depressivity, suspiciousness, restricted affectvity (-).
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5
Q

Define detachment in personality disorder.

A
  • Involves withdrawal from other people and from social interactions.
  • Trait facets: Restricted affectivity, depressivity, suspiciousness, withdrawal, anhedonia, intimacy avoidance,
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6
Q

Define antagonism in personality disorder.

A
  • Involves behaviors that put the person at odds with other people.
  • Trait facets: Manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention seeking, callousness, hostility
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7
Q

Define disinhibition in personality disorder.

A
  • Involves engaging in behaviors on impulse, without reflecting on potential future consequences.
    • Compulsivity is the opposite pole of this domain.
  • Trait facets: Irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility, risk taking, rigid perfectionism (-).
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8
Q

Define psychoticism in personality disorder.

A
  • Involves unusual and bizarre experiences.

- Trait facets: Unusual beliefs & experiences, eccentricity, cognitive & perceptual dysregulation

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9
Q

What is cluster A personality disorder?

A
  • Odd and Eccentric (Schizophrenia spectrum)

- ie: Paranoid, Schizotypal & Schizoid

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10
Q

What is cluster B personality disorder?

A
  • Dramatic, Emotional and Erratic

- ie: Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic & Antisocial

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11
Q

What is cluster C personality disorder?

A
  • Cluster C – Anxious & Fearful

- Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive

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12
Q

What are the demographics of paranoid personality? (cluster A)

A
  • 0.5-2.5% of the population.

- Men > Women.

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13
Q

What is the relationship with paranoid personality with schizophrenia?

A
  • Paranoid personality may be on the Schizophrenia spectrum
  • Lacks hallucinations
  • Disturbance of cognitive organization & info processing
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14
Q

What are the main characteristics of paranoid personality?

A
  • Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her.
  • Doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.
  • Reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her.
  • Reads hidden meaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
  • Persistently bears grudges
  • Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
  • Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.
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15
Q

What is the prevalence of schizotypal disorder? (Cluster A)

A
  • 3%

- M>F

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16
Q

What is the relationship of schizotypal disorder with schizophrenia?

A
  • May be on the spectrum of schizophrenia
17
Q

What are the main characteristics of schizotypal disorder?

A
  • Ideas of reference
    • Odd beliefs/magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (6th sense)
  • Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
  • Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped).
  • Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
  • Lack of close friends or confidants
  • Excessive social anxiety
18
Q

What is the prevalence of schizoid personality? (Cluster A)

A
  • Prevalence F
19
Q

What are the main characteristics of schizoid personality?

A
  • Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family.
  • Almost always chooses solitary activities.
  • Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person.
  • Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities.
  • Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
  • Appears indifferent to the praise and criticism of others.
  • Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity.
20
Q

What is the prevalence of borderline personality? (Cluster B)

A
  • 1-2% of the population

- 2x women> men

21
Q

What disorders are increased in borderline personality?

A
  • increased prevalence of major depressive disorder
  • alcohol abuse/dependence
  • substance abuse found in first degree relatives
  • border of psychosis/neurosis (where name is from)
  • abuse or “invalidating” family environment
22
Q

What therapy is used in borderline personality?

A
  • DBT => dialectical behavior therapy
23
Q

What are the main characteristics of borderline personality?

A
  • Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.
  • A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation.
  • Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.
  • Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating).
  • Chronic feelings of emptiness.
    • Can take on the emotions that are in their environment
  • Recurrent suicidal behavior ( or self-mutilating behavior)
  • Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (within minutes/hours)
  • Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
  • Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.
  • Tends to split groups (antagonize individuals against another)
  • Can also have many vague symptoms/diganosis
24
Q

What is the prevalence histrionic personality disorder? (Cluster B)

A
  • 2-3%.

- Diagnosed more frequently in women than in men

25
Q

What are the main characteristics of histrionic personality disorder?

A
  • Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention.
  • Inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior.
  • Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions.
  • Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self.
  • Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail.
  • Shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression.
  • Easily influenced by others or circumstances.
  • Considers relationships to be more intimate that they actually are
26
Q

Describe Narcissistic Personality characteristics.

A
  • Has a grandiose sense of self-importance
  • Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love.
  • Believes that he or she is “special” and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions).
  • Requires excessive admiration.
  • Has a sense of entitlement
  • Is interpersonally exploitative =>takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends.
  • Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others.
  • Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her.
  • Shows arrogant, haughty behavior or attitudes.
  • Serious/”successful” suicide attempts
27
Q

What is the prevalence of narcisstic personality disorder?

A

1%

28
Q

What is the prevalence of antisocial personality (dyssocial)? (Cluster B)

A
  • 3% in men
  • 1% in women
  • Familial pattern present
  • High co-morbidity with etoh dependence
  • High in prison populations.
29
Q

What areas of the brain are generally affected in antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • Low threshold of impulsive aggression

- Amygdala, reduced prefrontal

30
Q

What are the main characteristics of antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors
  • Deceitfulness, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
  • Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
  • Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
  • Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
  • Consistent irresponsibility
  • Lack of remorse
  • The individual is at least age 18 years, and there is evidence of Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15 years.
31
Q

What is the prevalence of avoidant disorder? (Cluster C)

A

1%

  • Overlap with social phobia => but would LIKE to have relationships
  • Treatment – exposure therapy
32
Q

What are the main characteristics of avoidant disorder?

A
  • Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked.
  • Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed.
  • Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations and avoids these situations
  • Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy.
  • Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others.
  • Is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing.
33
Q

What is the prevalence of dependent disorder? (Cluster C)

A
  • 1.5%
  • F>M
  • High medical interactions/obesity
34
Q

What are the main characteristics of dependent disorder?

A
  • Has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others.
  • Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life.
  • Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval.
  • Has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own (because of a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather than a lack of motivation or energy).
  • Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others
  • Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for himself or herself.
  • Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends.
  • Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself or herself.
35
Q

What is the prevalence of Obsessive Compulsive PERSONALITY Disorder? (Cluster C)

A
  • 1%

- NOT THE SAME AS OCD

36
Q

What are the main characteristics of OCPD?

A
  • Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost.
  • Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion
  • Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships.
  • Is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values.
  • Is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value.
  • Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly his or her way of doing things.
  • Adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others; money is viewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes.
  • Shows rigidity and stubbornness
37
Q

How are personality disorders generally treated?

A
  • Symptomatic
  • Psychotherapy – change disorder into traits
    • Psychodynamic, CBT, DBT
    • Social skills training
    • Medications (generally for related depression)

Psych Block 2 (22 decks)

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