Human growth/development Psychiatry

Question 1

What is the scale that measures pediatric developmental growth?

Answer 1

The Denver scale (Raisin Mastery)

Question 2

What are common principles of development?

Answer 2

• Stages – separation/individuation – integration
• Non-linear
• Cycles of stability and change
• Multiple Lines evolving simultaneously

Question 3

What does “trend” refer to in terms of development?

Answer 3

• Increasing Spheres

- Commitment/responsibility/connection

Question 4

What are major modifying factors of development?

Answer 4

• Health/Illness, Social/Culture
  
  • Mentors, ceremony
• Timing of these factors is also significant

Question 5

What are various “lines” of development?

Answer 5

Motor, cognitive, moral, psychosexual, psychosocial, spiritual, ect

Question 6

Define “stage”.

Answer 6

Different lines unfold along natural and predictable sequences and timelines referred to as Stages.

Each Stage has a set of “tasks” that are required to be accomplished before an individual can move to the next Stage in that particular Line of development

Question 7

What stage of psycho-social development occurs from ages 0-2?

Answer 7

Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 8

What stage of psycho-social development occurs from ages 2-3?

Answer 8

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Question 9

What stage of psycho-social development occurs from ages 4-5?

Answer 9

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 10

What stage of psycho-social development occurs from ages 6-11?

Answer 10

Industry vs. Inferiority

Question 11

What stage of psycho-social development occurs in adolescence?

Answer 11

Identity vs. Confusion

Question 12

What stage of psycho-social development occurs in young adulthood?

Answer 12

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Question 13

What stage of psycho-social development occurs in middle adulthood?

Answer 13

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question 14

What stage of psycho-social development occurs in late adulthood?

Answer 14

Integrity vs. Despair

Question 15

Define “attachment”.

Answer 15

A specific, enduring emotional bond whose existence is of major importance in the process of socio-personality development.

Question 16

How is attachment seen in infants?

Answer 16

Attachment in infants is primarily a process of proximity seeking to an identified attachment figure in situations of perceived distress or alarm for the purpose of survival.

Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about 6 months to two years of age

Question 17

What is the percentage of infants who display secure attachment and what does it represent?

Answer 17

• 65%

- Child believes their needs will be met by parent

Question 18

What is the percentage of infants who display avoid ant attachment and what does it represent?

Answer 18

• 20%
• Subconsciously believes needs won’t be met by parent
  
  • Child is distant and not engaged

Question 19

What is the percentage of infants who display ambivalent attachment and what does it represent?

Answer 19

• 10-15%
• Child cannot rely on needs being met
  
  • Child is sometimes sensitive, sometimes neglectful

Question 20

What is the percentage of infants who display disorganized attachment and what does it represent?

Answer 20

• 10-15%
• Severely confused with no strategy to have needs met
  
  • Extreme erratic behavior

Question 21

Describe the first stage of infant attachment (Birth to 8–12 weeks).
-Indiscriminate Responsiveness to Humans

Answer 21

• Infants orient to persons in their environment, visually tracking them, grasping and reaching for them, and smiling and babbling.
• The infant often ceases to cry upon seeing a face or hearing a voice.
  
  • These behaviors sustain the attentions of others and thus their proximity to the infant, which is the infant’s goal.

Question 22

Describe the second stage of infant attachment (3 to 6 months).
- Focusing on Familiar People

Answer 22

• The infant’s behaviors are more marked in relation to the mother or perhaps the father.
• Social responses begin to become more selective, however, with the social smile reserved for familiar people.

Question 23

Describe the third stage of infant attachment (6 months to 3 years)
- Active Proximity Seeking

Answer 23

• Infants show greater discrimination in their interactions with people.
  
  • They become deeply concerned for the attachment figure’s presence and cry when that person starts to leave.
• Certain other people may become subsidiary attachment figures
  
  • However, strangers are now treated with caution and will soon evoke alarm and withdrawal.

Question 24

What types of fear may emerge in stage 3?

Answer 24

• Separation anxiety

- Stranger anxiety

Question 25

Describe the fourth stage of infant attachment (3 years to the end of childhood) - Partnership Behavior

Answer 25

- Prior to this phase, the child is unable to consider the attachment figure's intentions. - By age 3, the child has developed a greater understanding of parental intent and plans and can envision the parent's behavior while separated. - The child is now more willing and able to let go and can be more flexible.

Question 26

What is the behavioral style of an easy infant?

Answer 26

- Positive in mood, regular in body functions adaptable, approaching new situations positively and reacting with low to moderate intensity.

Question 27

What is the behavioral style of a difficult infant?

Answer 27

- Negative in mood, irregular, slow to adapt, withdrawing from new situations and reacting with high intensity.

Question 28

What is the behavioral style of slow to warm up infants?

Answer 28

- Negative in mood, slow to adapt, withdrawing from new situations reacting with low to moderate intensity, low in activity.

Question 29

What is the sensorimotor period of infant cognition (0-2 years)?

Answer 29

- Infant differentiates self from other objects - Grasps concept of object permanence - Achieves primitive understanding of causality, time space - Engages in imaginative play, and show the beginnings of symbolic thought.

Question 30

What is the pre-operational period of infant cognition (2-7)?

Answer 30

- Child begins to use symbols to represent objects and experiences and to use language symbolically - Shows intuitive problem solving. - Child begins to think in terms of classes, see relationships, and grasp concept of conservation of numbers.

Question 31

What is the "period of concrete operations" in infant cognition (7-12)?

Answer 31

- Child grasps concepts of conservation of mass, length, width, and volume - Children are able to cognitively take the role of another - Thinking is also logical, enabling child to organize objects into hierarchical classes (classification) and to place objects into ordered series (seriation).

Question 32

What is the "period of formal operations" in infant cognition (12 years +)?

Answer 32

- Child acquires flexibility in thinking as well as the capacities for abstraction and mental hypothesis testing - S/he can consider possible alternatives in complex reasoning and problem solving

Question 33

What are the tasks of intimacy (ages 20-35)?

Answer 33

``` Emotional Intimacy Sustained Relationship - Dialogue - Transparency - Vulnerability - Reciprocity ```

Question 34

What "methods" are used to achieve intimacy?

Answer 34

- Trial and Error - Parents –role model and safety net - Commitment vs Autonomy

Question 35

What are the "tasks" of career consolidation vs career diffusion (mid 20-40s)?

Answer 35

- Commitment to specific field - “Job” --> “Career” - Commitment - Compensation - Contentment - Competence

Question 36

What are the tasks of the generativity vs stagnation (40-60s)?

Answer 36

- Accept death - Wisdom over Power - Guide/Mentor - Socialized over Sexualized - Mental Flexibility

Question 37

What are the basic milestones of development?

Answer 37

- Trust - Love - Autonomy - Work - Industry - Care - Identity