Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych Block 2 > OCD and PTSD > Flashcards

OCD and PTSD Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are common features amongst OCD and related disorders?

A
  • Fronto-striatal irregularities
    • Differences in processing of threat cues among individuals with OCD compared to controls
  • Increased risk for depression
  • Inheritance factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the primary OCD and OCD related disorders

A
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Body dysmorphic disorder
  • Hoarding disorder
  • Trichotillomania (Hair-pulling disorder)
  • Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define obsession.

A

An obsession is intrusive and nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges (and often nonsensical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define compulsion.

A

A compulsion is a thought or action to neutralize thoughts (often obsessions)
- Function of compulsive behaviors to reduce anxiety or distress, as well as to prevent feared outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the primary domains of obsessions?

A 
Doubting/Checking (79%)
Need for Symmetry/Order (57%)
Religious & Sexual (30%)
Contamination (26%)
Harming (24%)
   - Accidental
   - Intentional
[Other- 
Nonsensical impulses
Nonsensical thoughts/images
Horrific imagery
"Not just Right" Experience]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the major domains of compulsions?

A 
Washing/Cleaning
Checking
Counting
Mental Neutralizing
   e.g., internal repetitions, prayers, phrases, etc.
Ordering/symmetry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is OCD assessed?

A

Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS)

  • 10 item gold standard measure of OCD symptoms
  • Clinician administered and self-report versions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the yearly and lifetime prevalence of OCD

A
  1. 2% yearly

2. 6 lifetime prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the gender prevalence of OCD

A

Male»females in childhood years

females> males in adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the typical age of onset for OCD?

A
  • typically adulthood
    • 25% of cases in early adolescence, but generally diminish

*generally chronic onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are major causes of OCD?

A
  • Early life experiences (direct, vicarious, or informational)
  • Learning that some thoughts are dangerous/unacceptable
  • Believing that the thought equals the action
  • Classical conditioned anxiety
  • Operant conditioning of avoidance
  • Intrusive thoughts as significant or threatening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the neurocircuitry/biology of OCD.

A
  • Suggested disruption in the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit
  • Within OCD specifically, difference sin neurocircuitry may reflect difference sin symptom subtypes with different functions for implicated regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What perpetuates OCD?

A
  • Obsessive beliefs
    • responsibility/threat estimation
    • importance/control of thoughts
    • perfectionism
  • Intolerance of uncertainty
  • Overvalued ideation
  • Reinforcement from others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What psychological treatment is used for OCD?

A

Psychological treatment

  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy is most effective
  • CBT involves exposure and response prevention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What medical treatment is used in OCD?

A

Medication treatment

  • Clomipramine and other SSRIs – benefit up to 60% of patients
    • Relapse is common with medication discontinuation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What invasive/surgical procedures are used as treatment in OCD?

A
  • Psychosurgery (e.g., cingulotomy) is used in extreme cases
  • Deep brain stimulation (e.g., anterior limb of internal capsule)
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe body dysmorphic disorder.

A

Characterized by preoccupation and intrusive thoughts related to a perceived physical flaw or abnormality

  • Any observable flaws are grossly disproportionate to the degree of distress
  • There is often a behavioral response to concerns
18
Q

What mental health risk is elevated in BDD (body dysmorphic disorder)?

A

Suicide

19
Q

What is the treatment for BDD?

A

Psychotherapy

  • Cognitive intervention to reduce maladaptive beliefs associated with appearance
  • Exposure to feared situations
  • Attention retraining focused on whole person
  • Secondary aim of decreasing preoccupation with “corrective procedures”
20
Q

Define hoarding disorder.

A

Difficulty discarding possessions regardless of value due to perceived need to save
- Accumulation and saving results in clinically significant impairment or distress

21
Q

What is the prevalence of hoarding?

A

2-6% point prevalence

22
Q

What is trichotillomania?

A

Characterized by irresistible urge to pull or pluck hair

  • Followed by subjective sense of relief or pleasure
  • Pulling is commonly from scalp, but may include eyebrows, eyelids, and forearms
23
Q

What is the yearly prevalence for trichotillomania?

A

1-2% yearly

10:1 female to male

24
Q

Describe excoriating

A

Picking often in response to subjective sensation on skin, including past picked areas

  • Picking is not done to relieve subjective sense of anxiety
  • Described as pleasurable; done until a subjective sense of satisfaction is reached
25
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of excoriating?

A

Lifetime prevalence of 1.4%

26
Q

Define PTSD.

A
  • Witness or experience a traumatic or life-threatening event
  • Symptoms from each of four “clusters”:
    • Intrusions
    • Avoidance
    • Alterations in cognition/mood
    • Hyperarousal
  • Symptoms last for more than one month
  • Impairment and/or distress
  • Specifiers for “depersonalization” and “derealization”
27
Q

What is the rate of trauma in the U.S.?

A

60%

28
Q

What is the yearly and lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

A

lifetime: 8.7%
yearly: 3.5%

  • trauma does NOT equal PTSD
29
Q

Define trauma.

A

The person was exposed to the following event(s):

  • Death or threatened death
  • Actual or threatened serious injury
  • Actual or threatened sexual violence
30
Q

What are the intrusion criteria for PTSD?

A

1 symptom of intrusion:

  • Recurrent, involuntary and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event(s)
  • Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or affect of the dream is related to the event(s)
  • Dissociative reactions (e.g. flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the traumatic event were recurring.
  • Intense or prolonged psychological reaction to traumatic reminders
  • Marked physiological reactivity to traumatic reminders
31
Q

What are the avoidance criteria for PTSD?

A
  1. Efforts to avoid distressing thoughts or feelings closely associated with the traumatic event(s)
  2. Efforts to avoid external reminders (e.g. people, places, conversations, activities, objects or situations)
    • began or worsened after event(s)
32
Q

What are the negative alterations in cognition associated with PTSD?

A

Need 2 of the following:

  • Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event (typically dissociative amnesia; not due to head injury, alcohol or drugs)
  • Persistent & exaggerated negative expectations about one’s self, others or the world (e.g. “I am bad,” “no one can be trusted,” etc.)
  • Persistent distorted blame of self or others about the cause or consequences of the traumatic event (e.g. self-blame)
  • Persistent negative emotional state (e.g., fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame).
  • Markedly diminished interest or participation significant activities
  • Feeling detached or estranged from others
  • Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g., unable to have loving feelings)
33
Q

What are the alterations in arousal that are association with PTSD?

A

At least 2 needed:

1) Irritable or aggressive behavior (e.g. yelling at other people, getting into fights or destroying things)
2) Reckless or self-destructive behavior (e.g. driving too fast or while intoxicated, heavy drug or alcohol use, risky sexual behavior, or trying to injure or harm oneself)
3) Hypervigilance
4) Exaggerated startle response
5) Problems in concentration
6) Sleep disturbance associated with falling asleep, restless sleep or staying asleep

34
Q

What is the gold standard for PTSD assessment?

A
  • Clinician Administered PTSD Scale

- “Gold standard” semi-structured clinical interview

35
Q

What are the causes of PTSD?

A
  • Intensity of the trauma and one’s reaction to it (i.e., true alarm)
  • Learn alarms – direct conditioning and observational learning
  • Biological vulnerability
  • Uncontrollability and unpredictability
  • Extent of social support, or lack thereof, post-trauma
36
Q

What are the multiple forms of impairment associated with PTSD?

A
  • Employment-related problems
  • Family dysfunction
  • Increased risk for suicide
37
Q

What are common presentations of PTSD?

A 
Anxiety and fear predominant
Disgust predominant
Guilt/shame predominant
Anger and aggression predominant
Sadness and dysphoria

Isolation and avoidance is common across all presentations

38
Q

What are effective psychotherapies for PTSD?

A
  • Prolonged Exposure (Strongest evidence; first-line tx)
  • Cognitive Processing Therapy (Strongest evidence; first-line tx)
  • Stress inoculation training
  • Trauma-focused psychodynamic therapy
  • Hypnosis (to promote desensitization)
  • EMDR
39
Q

Describe the learning theory for PTSD.

A
  • Traumatic event = True Alarm
  • Behavioral and emotional avoidance reinforces the response (operant conditioning)
  • Anxiety and intrusive symptoms become conditioned aversive stimuli
  • Repeated exposure to objectively harmless conditioned stimuli, including the traumatic memory, leads to extinction of anxiety and fear responses
40
Q

What drugs are suggested in PTSD?

A
  • SSRIs

- SNRIs

Psych Block 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions