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Psych Block 2 > Alcohol and Cannabis > Flashcards

Alcohol and Cannabis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ratio of individuals in the U.S. who abuse alcohol or are alcohol dependent?

A

1 in 12 people

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2
Q

What is the lifetime and yearly prevalence of alcohol abuse?

A

Lifetime 17.8% 12 month = 4.7%

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3
Q

What is the lifetime and yearly prevalence of alcohol dependence?

A

Lifetime 12.5% 12 month = 3.8 %

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4
Q

What are congeners?

A

By-products of fermentation and aging that give distilled their distinctive colors and tastes acetone aldehydes Acetaldehyde esters other alcohols

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5
Q

What order kinetics does alcohol exhibit?

A

zero order kinetics (i.e. clear a drink/hour)

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6
Q

What is the legal limit of intoxication?

A

0.080 g/DL (80)

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7
Q

At what level of intoxication do individuals experience nystagmus, blackouts, and severe behavioral disinhibition?

A

0.200 - 0.300 g/DL

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8
Q

At what level of intoxication is alcohol fatal? *for individuals who are not tolerant/in withdrawal

A

0.300 - 0.400 g/ DL

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of alcohol intoxication?

A

Slurred speech Incoordination Unsteady gait Nystagmus (jerky eye movements) Impairment in attention or memory Stupor or coma

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10
Q

Define binge drinking.

A
  • Binge drinking is any drinking that leads to a BAL of 0.08% or more. - Usually 4 drinks (for a woman) or 5 drinks (for a man) within a 1-2 hour period.
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

A
  • Hypertension, tachycardia - Changes in level of consciousness, tremors, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations - Can involve seizures (monitor reflexes) - Can be fatal
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12
Q

Describe how alcohol withdrawal occurs.

A

Chronic exposure to alcohol causes changes: - Down regulate endogenous GABA (-) - Up regulate glutamate (+) - Cessation of alcohol –> net excitation (i.e. tachy, tremor, seizures) - Use benzodiazepines (cross tolerant) to re-establish control - Gradually reduce (taper) benzo dose

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13
Q

What are the major effects on the body from chronic alcoholism?

A
  • Fatty liver –> Cirrhosis - Dilated cardiomyopathy - Brain damage –> diffuse cortical atrophy - Fetal alcohol syndrome
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14
Q

What system is implicated in cannabis addiction?

A

Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

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15
Q

What molecule in cannabis causes the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens?

A

THC

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16
Q

Endocannabinoid system overlaps with which neurotransmitters?

A

GABA, Glutamate, AcH, and dopamine

17
Q

What are the 2 cannabinoid receptor subtypes?

A

CB 1- located in the brain CB 2- located on immune tissues

18
Q

Name the 5 Endocannabinoids:

A

Anandaminde (1992) 2-Arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) 2-Arachidonoyl glyceryl ether (noladin ether) N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA) Virodhamine

19
Q

What is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?

A

THC

20
Q

Describe the effects of CB1 receptors

A
21
Q

What are the major effects of cannabis?

A

Eurphoria

Rapid heart rate

Conjunctival injection (blood shot eyes)

Hunger

22
Q

What are signs of cannabis “overdose”?

A

tachycardia, anxiety/panic, paranoia

23
Q

What are signs of cannabis withdrawal?

A

Characterized by anxiety

Irritability

Decreased mood and food intake

Physical discomfort

24
Q

What percentage of the population reports using cannabis within the past year?

A

10.6%

25
Q

What percentage of the U.S. population smokes cannabis daily?

A

1.3%

26
Q

What percentage of cannabis users become dependent?

A

8% of users become dependent

27
Q

What does marijuana increase the risk for?

A

Psychotomimetic effects

Marijuana use is associated with earlier age at first psychotic episode in male patients with schizophrenia

28
Q

How does synthetic cannabis (cannabinomimetics) compare to natural cannabis?

A

Cannabinomimetcs can have 4-5 x potency of classical cannabinoids

29
Q

How do cannabinomimetics work?

A

CB1 receptor agonist:
–Potent inhibitor of post-synaptic excitatory currents
–Increased ERK ½ MAPK phosphorylation
–Induced rapid CB1 receptor internalization

Psych Block 2 (22 decks)

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