Personality Development Flashcards
Psychosexual
Freud. Personality develops through the interaction of personal needs and environment. Past is essential in present behaviors. Personality involves transforming three basic instincts into socially acceptable, rational behavior.
Libido
Freud. Basic, instinctual life force.
Id
Present at birth. Basic instincts (libido, sex. aggression, survival, pleasure). Pleasure principle. Strives to reduce tension by seeking immediate gratification of needs.
Ego
Emerges during first year of life. Reality principle. Make socially acceptable, reality-based resolution to the urges of the id and demands of super-ego.
Superego
Morality principle. Emerges at 5 years old. Morals and standards are internalized through social interactions and societal rules and mores. Counterbalances id.
Anxiety according to Freud
Ego is unable to reconcile id’s urges with superego’s moralized response. You create defense mechanisms to control anxiety.
Repression
Pushing undesirable thoughts and feelings from consciousness
Regression
Return to an earlier, more comfortable (childlike) period in life
Displacement
Redirecting feelings onto a less threatening person or object.
Projection
Placing personal feelings, thoughts, or motives on someone else.
Rationalization
Justifying one’s behavior with logical-sounding reasons, thus concealing the real reason for a behavior.
Compensation
Substituting a successful experience for one that produced failure.
Reaction formation
Expressing opposite motives than was originally intended to help prevent unwanted attitudes or feelings from becoming expressed.
Psychosexual theory
People must resolve various conflicts resulting from the psychic or libidinal energy.
Fixation
Inability to resolve important conflict due to either over gratification or under gratification of a need in any stage.
Oral stage
Birth to one year. Source of pleasure is through mouth. Fixation results in oral needs continuing to influence personality (dependence, passivity, gullibility, sarcasm, smoking, gum chewing, thumb sucking, overeating)
Anal stage
1-3 years. Primary source of gratification is the anus. Pleasure is attained through retention and expulsion of feces and urine. Fixation results in retentiveness (stingy, obsessive thinking, compulsive behavior, cleanliness, orderliness) or explosiveness (messiness, destructiveness, cruelty)
Phallic stage
3-5 years. Primary source of gratification is genitals. Pleasure from manipulating genitals. Oedipus complex (male child desires to eliminate father and be with mother), Electra complex (female child desires to eliminate mother). Fixation involves sexual exploitation of others.
Latency stage
6-11 years. Secual desires become dormant. Focus turns to mastery of social skills, personal awareness, and ego refinement. Learn how to relieve anxiety through use of defense mechanisms.
Genital stage
Puberty causes reemergence of sexual impulses. Show interest in sex and capable of real love. Potential remergence of Oedipus/Electra complexes. Success leads to sexual maturation, marriage, and child rearing.
Psychosocial theory
Proposed by Erik Erikson. Focuses on individual’s learned social interactions within the environment as a key influence on ego development. Personality continues to develop throughout one’s life and developmental problems are reversible. Successfully resolving these crises at each stage holds potential for positive growth.
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Birth to 1 or 2. Caretaker’s responsibility is to create a trusting environment for, and positive relationship with, the infant. Mistrust occurs when infants are not comforted, encounter unpredictability, or handled in an uncaring manner.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
1 or 2 - 3 years. Toddlers use their developing motor and cognitive skills to decide for themselves. Positive interactions with caretakers leads to autonomy (reasonable balance of freedom and control rather than forcing the child to comply, resulting in feelings of shame or doubt over one’s ability to operate on the social environment)
Initiative vs. Guilt
3 - 5 years. Display sense of ambition and responsibility. Parents can help further these characteristics by helping children set goals and carry out their plans without being too controlling, which leads to guilt and inhibition. Family relationships are key social interactions and children must recognize and respect rights of others.
Industry vs. inferiority
6 - 11 years. Productivity in work and play is emphasized and children strive for competence. Must master social and academic tasks while learning to cooperate. Or else they develop sense of inferiority, incompetence, and failure. School and neighborhood social interactions become essential.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescents (12-19) recognize and integrate a sense of uniqueness, personal identity (“who am I?”) and future direction (“Where do I fit in society?”). Choose goals and values to establish a personal identity. Adolescents who do not choose goals experience confusion and question their purpose and direction.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adult. Main task is to establish intimate bonds of love and friendship, rather than isolation and self-absorption. Peer relationships are central social supports. Learn to trust and trade independence for intimacy and love.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
MIddle adulthood consider family relations, partners, and intimate friendships to be of greatest importance, and people seek to enhance future generations through child rearing and nurturing others. Work productivity is also essential as people seek a peak in personal abilities. Negative outcomes reflect feelings of meaninglessness in one’s accomplishments.
Integrity vs. Despair
Old age. Come to terms with mortality and limitations to reflect on their life with a sense of pride, achievement, satisfaction, and integrity and face death. Others reflect on life with regret and despair. All humankind is now the social focus.
Criticisms of Erikson’s theory
It is ethnocentric and gender-based because of its focus on independence rather than community.
Ego development theory
By Jane Loevinger. Includes 10 stages: Presocial stage > Symbiotic stage > Impulsive stage > Self-protective stage > Conformist stage > Self-awareness and self-conscious stage > Conscientious > Individualistic > Autonomous > Integrated
Presocial stage
Babies self-differentiate from an outer world
Symbiotic stage
Differentiation of self from others
Impulsive stage
Affirms separate identify; demanding
Self-protective stage
Self-control; rule-governed behavior
Conformist stage
Obey group rules; strive for acceptance from family
Self-awareness and self-conscious stage
Strive for stability and maturity
Conscientious
Internalize rules and morality
Individualistic
Strive for individuality; awareness of inner conflict
Autonomous
Strive for self-fulfillment; cope with inner conflict
Integrated
Consolidated identity
Humanistic Theory
By Abraham Maslow. Whole is greater than sum of its parts (holistic). View humans as intrinsically good. People make choices about themselves based on self-perceptions and perceived circumstances.
Hierarchy of needs.
Humans have an innate need for self-actualization, which can only be attained when lower order needs are met.
Order of needs
Physiological > Safety > Belongingness > Esteem > Self-actualization