Moral Development

Question 1

Moral development

Answer 1

Growing ability to distinguish right from wrong and act in accordance with those distinctions

Question 2

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 2

Stage theory of moral development. Cognitive development accomplishments lead to moral development accomplishments

Question 3

Defining Issue Test

Answer 3

Presents participants with moral dilemmas and multiple-choice responses

Question 4

Levels and stages of Kohlberg’s moral development theory

Answer 4

Level 1: Preconventional [Stage 1–Obedience and punishment, Stage 2–Instrumental Hedonism]. Level 2: Conventional Level [stage 3–Good boy, good girl, stage 4–Law and Order. Rules are rules]. Level 3: Postconventional Level [Stage 5–Social and Moral Contract and System of laws, Stage 6–Universal Ethical Principles].

Question 5

Level 1: Preconventional Level

Answer 5

Little awareness of socially acceptable moral behavior. Follow rules to avoid punishment or reap rewards.

Question 6

Stage 1–Obedience and punishment

Answer 6

Mentality that the weak must please (or avoid displeasing) the strong. Good acts have positive consequences, bad acts have negative consequences.

Question 7

Stage 2–Instrumental Hedonism

Answer 7

Focuses on pleasure as motivator, serving one’s own self is paramount. Do not interfere with affairs of others. Do what you do to get what you want from others. Less focused on punishment more focused on satisfying personal needs.

Question 8

Level 2: Conventional Level

Answer 8

Familial or societal authority is recognized and people conform to rules in order to avoid social disapproval or avoid criticism by those in authority.

Question 9

Stage 3: Good boy, Good Girl

Answer 9

Try to please everyone. Correct action is one that will likely receive greatest approval by others. Focus is on maintaining good relationship and approval of those immediately involved in judging their behavior. One desires to be seen as “good”

Question 10

Stage 4: Law and Order. Rules are rules.

Answer 10

Follow rules for their own sake. Societal order. Conform to rules to avoid censure by those in authority.

Question 11

Level 3: Postconventional level

Answer 11

Highest level. Codes are not always shared by others. Respects dignity of all people.

Question 12

Stage 5–Social and Moral Contract and System of Laws

Answer 12

General individual rights and standards that have been agreed upon by society. Rules and values are relative and may change to benefit society.

Question 13

Stage 6–Univeral Ethical Principles

Answer 13

Behavior is determined by conscience based on universal ethical principles. Respect is given to others as an end, not a means. May form their own principles and use them to guide behavior and mitigate negative feelings or avoid guilt.

Question 14

Carol Gilligan

Answer 14

American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist who opposes Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (said they were biased against women who are naturally more concerned with others)

Question 15

Gilligan’s three-stage theory

Answer 15

1–Orientation to individual survival, 2–Goodness as self-sacrifice, 3–Morality of nonviolence

Question 16

Gilligan’s Stage 1–Orientation to individual survival

Answer 16

Focus is on self and the goal is for individual survival. Transition to next stage is when selfishness is transformed into a sense of responsibility for others.

Question 17

Gilligan’s stage 2–Goodness as Self-Sacrifice

Answer 17

Self-sacrifice = goodness. Good is equated with doing for others and, the more one sacrifices the greater their perceived moral goodness. Transition to final stage is when they integrate personal needs and being altruistic

Question 18

Gilligan’s Stage 3–Morality of Nonviolence

Answer 18

Resolves conflict between selfishness and responsibility. Balance between individual needs and social caring ideal. Make choices that do not harm self or others.

Question 19

Jean Piaget’s moral development stage theory

Answer 19

1–premoral stage, 2–Moral realism stage, 3–Moral relativism stage

Question 20

Piaget’s stage 1–premoral stage

Answer 20

Limited awareness of rules

Question 21

Piaget’s stage 2–Moral realism stage

Answer 21

Four or five years, children develop awareness of rules and that they should be obeyed. Learn rules from others. Do not understand reason for rules. Believe people who create more damage are more guilty.

Question 22

Piaget’s stage 3–Moral relativism stage

Answer 22

Seven years of age, children are aware of rules and the reason behind them. Rules can be changed cooperatively. Judged by intention, not just consequences.

Question 23

Freud’s approach to morality

Answer 23

Result of unconscious, irrational motives from id being reconciled by superego to keep antisocial urges from becoming conscious (ego)

Question 24

Behavioral approach

Answer 24

Focuses on rewards or punishments. If rewarded for antisocial behaviors, people think that is acceptable. Confusion can happen if school punishes but parents reward (e.g. fighting a bully)

Question 25

Social learning theory of moral development

Answer 25

Importance of imitation and vicarious learning. Learning by watching others in similar situations.

Question 26

Frankie and Margo are in their twenties and thirties. They are probably in the _______ level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 26

Conventional

Question 27

Individuals who adhere to moral standards to satisfy their own personal desires are in Kohlberg’s _____ stage of moral development

Answer 27

Instrumental Hedonism

Question 28

People who are in conventional stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development may do all of the following EXCEPT follow the rules…

Answer 28

agreed on through a democratic process

Question 29

A woman who balances her personal needs with those of others is in the _______ stage of Gilligan’s theory of moral development

Answer 29

Morality of nonviolence

Question 30

Millie takes her younger brother’s cookie and begins to eat it. When her mother explains that stealing cookies is not allowed in the house, she crushes the cookie. Millie doesn’t understand the reason and is in Piaget’s ______ stage of moral development

Answer 30

Moral realism