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Human Development > Lifespan Theories > Flashcards

Lifespan Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Arnold Gesell’s developmental theory

A

Human development reflects genetic unfolding of physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional characteristics or milestones. Developed Gesell scales (assessments) revealing a standard score/normal development.

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2
Q

Arnold Gesell’s physical/cognitive developmental milestone 0-6 months

A

Sucking reflex, sleep cycle, lift head, roll over, reach objects, hearing and depth perception develop, repeat pleasurable behaviors, displays object permanence

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3
Q

Arnold Gesell’s Language and personal-social developmental milestone 0-6 months

A

Differential crying, social smile and laughter, cooing and babbling, express most basic of emotions (happy, sad, surprise, fear, anger, interest) imitates adult expressions.

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4
Q

Arnold Gesell’s physical/cognitive developmental milestone 7-12 months

A

Sit up, crawl, walk, pincer grasp, more advanced depth perception, goal-directed behavior, finds hidden objects, recall of people/places/things

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5
Q

Arnold Gesell’s language and personal/social developmental milestone 7-12 months

A

Sounds of spoken language, gestures, stranger and separation anxiety, attachment to caregiver, more intense displays of emotions

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6
Q

Arnold Gesell’s physical/cognitive developmental milestone 13-18 months

A

Coordinated walking, scribbling, stacks of cubes two to three high, trial and error experimentation, climbs stairs, throws objects

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7
Q

Arnold Gesell’s language and personal/social developmental milestone 13-18 months

A

Play peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake, speaks first words, points to desired objects, recognizes self in mirror, sings of empathy and compliance, vocabulatory may reach 50 words

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8
Q

Arnold Gesell’s physical/cognitive developmental milestone 19-24 months

A

Run, jump, climb, build four-or-five block tower

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9
Q

Arnold Gesell’s language and personal/social developmental milestone 19-24 months

A

Vocabulary consists of approximately 200 words, three to four word sentences, parallel play, takes turns and cooperates, uses language for emotional self-regulation, begins to display self control

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10
Q

Arnold Gesell’s physical/cognitive developmental milestone 3-5 years

A

Increase skill in running, jumping, climbing, throwing, and catching, completely toilet-trained, stand on one foot

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11
Q

Arnold Gesell’s language and personal/social developmental milestone 3-5 years

A

Make-believe play, vocabulary of several thousand words, gender identity and self-concept developing, cooperative play emerges

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12
Q

Arnold Gesell’s physical/cognitive developmental milestone 6 - 11 years

A

Growth slows, gross motor skills and coordination improve substantially, handwriting becomes smaller and more legible, reaction time improves, thinking becomes more logical, attention is more focused and activity more deliberate, memory improves

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13
Q

Arnold Gesell’s Language and personal/social developmental milestone 6 - 11 years

A

Dominance of hierarchies become stable, vocabulary and grammar improve, awareness of double meanings leads to advances in humor and flexibility, emotional self-regulation, friendships and peer groups.

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14
Q

Arnold Gesell’s physical/cognitive developmental milestone Adolescence

A

Puberal growth spurt and sexual maturation, secondary sex characteristics develop, complex problem solving, formal operation reasoning

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15
Q

Arnold Gesell’s Language and personal/social developmental milestone adolescence

A

Use of abstract words, complex grammar and writing, increased time spent with peers, intimacy and loyalty in friendships, peer pressure to conform, cliques, identity and sexual behavior

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16
Q

Robert Havighurst’s Developmental tasks approach

A

Proposed a series of tasks that humans achieve as they grow. As we achieve these tasks, we gain a sense of self and mastery.

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17
Q

Robert Havighurst’s tasks infancy to early childhood

A

Walk, take solid foods, talk, potty train, learn sex differences and modesty, describe social and physical reality, ready to read, right and wrong (conscience)

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18
Q

Robert Havighurst’s tasks middle childhood

A

Physical skills of ordinary games, wholesome attitudes towards oneself, get along with others, appropriate social role, reading, writing, calculating, Concepts for everyday living, morality/values, personal independence, attitudes toward social groups and institutions

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19
Q

Robert Havighurst’s tasks adolescence

A

new and mature relations with others, stronger social role (masculine/feminine), accepting one’s physique, emotional independence, prep for marriage/family life, prep for economic career, set of values, achieve socially responsible behavior

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20
Q

Robert Havighurst’s tasks Early Adulthood

A

Select a mate, live with marriage partner, family, rear children, manage a home, start occupation, civic responsibility, find social group

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21
Q

Robert Havighurst’s tasks middle age

A

assist teenage children in becoming adults, achieve social/civic responsibility, reach/maintain performance in occupation, adult leisure-time activities, relate to a spouse as a person, accept/adjust to physiological changes of middle age

22
Q

Robert Havighurst’s tasks late maturity

A

adjust to decreasing strength, adjust to retirement and reduced income, adjust to death of a spouse, affilitation with one’s age group, adopt/adapt to social roles, satisfactory physical living arrangements

23
Q

Roger Gould’s adult developmental theory

A

Adults strive to eliminate false assumptions relating to parental dependency that restrict development.

24
Q

Roger Gould’s adult developmental stages

A

False assumptions––16-22: adults will always live with their parents. 22-28: My parents will always be there to help. 29-30: My parents can always offer a simplified version and solution. 35-45: safety can last forever, death can’t happen to me or loved ones, it’s impossible to live without a partner, no lofe or change exists beyond family.

25
Q

Robert Peck’s Phase theory of adult development

A

coping skills, motivation, career competence, moral behavior, teacher effectiveness. Final two stages of Erikson’s model

26
Q

Robert Peck’s middle adult

A

Valuing wisdom vs. valuing physical powers: As physical powers decrease, shift to valuing wisdom. Socializing vs. sexualizing: sex is replaced by empathy, understanding, and compassion. Cathetic flexibility vs. Cathetic impoverishment: Shift emotional energies from one person/activity to another to deal with losses in future

27
Q

Robert Peck Retirement years

A

Ego Differentiation vs. Work-role preoccupation: Adapt and learn to define personal worth other than occupation. Body transcendence vs. Body preoccupation: phyiscal decline, pursue satisfying relationships and creative mental activities. Ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation: make life more secure and meaningful for those who survive them.

28
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male development theory

A

Adult males create life structures (i.e. periods) alternated with transitional periods to help adults reach more mature life structure level.

29
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male Novice Phase

A

Early adult transition (17-22): Develop job skills to live in adult world. Entering adult world (22-28): Test inital life structure and lifestyle. Age 30 transition: reassessment of the young adult life structure to make changes before fully joining adult world.

30
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male settling down phase

A

Early settling down: establish a niche in society. Becoming one’s own man (BOOM): Men work at advancement and strive to succeed.

31
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male Midlife transition (40-45)

A

Assess success and failure in meeting goals from previous phase. Build motivation to use remaining life wisely.

32
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male Entering middle adulthood (45-50 years)

A

Polarities (relationship to self and external world)

33
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male Age 50 transition

A

Individuation occurs and can be difficult.

34
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male Building a second middle adult structure (55-60)

A

rejuvination, enrichment, new goals and aspirations

35
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male late adult transition (60-65)

A

Sense of mortality

36
Q

Daniel Levinson’s adult male (65+)

A

Pursuit of enjoyable and rewarding past times, prepare for death, concern over fate of family and humanity

37
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model

A

Systems perspective. Microsystem (family), mesosystem (community), exosystem (local and global economies), macrosystem (political organization), chronosystem (historical eras)

38
Q

Carol Tavris theory

A

Wrote mismeasure of woman. Women are judged on basis of how well they fit into the male-dominated world. American society pathologizes women.

39
Q

Carol Gilligan theory

A

Wrote In a Different Voice. Communication patterns of women are different than men. Women are socialized to be dependent and caregivers rather than independent.

40
Q

Gail Sheehy theory

A

Wrote Passages: Predictable Crises of Adult Life. Women face crises as they develop, resulting in constructive changes.

41
Q

Silent Generation (before 1945)

A

Great depression, strove for financial security, comfort, and to feel needed.

42
Q

Baby Boomer (1946-1964)

A

Strong work ethic, competitive, resourceful, goal oriented, self-assured.

43
Q

Generation X (1965-1984)

A

Reduced adult supervision (e.g. latchkey), increased parental divorce. Characterized as cynical, slackers in youth. In midlife report seeking work-life balance and being active and happy.

44
Q

Millennials (Generation Y): 1985-2004

A

Grew up in digital age, experienced terroest acts and school shooting reports in media. Busy as kids. Heavily scheduled.

45
Q

Generation Z (2005-2024)

A

Global, tech savvy, social, visually oriented. May be most educated and sophisticated yet.

46
Q

According to Gesell, human development is primarily due to…

A

Genetics

47
Q

Havighurst believed that relating to one’s spouse as a person is a developmental task of….

A

Middle age

48
Q

In Havighurst’s model of human development, many of the earlier (childhood) tasks are…

A

Biologically determined

49
Q

In Gould’s theory of adult development, adults must do each of the following EXCEPT

A

Increase spousal dependency

50
Q

Peck’s theory of adult development is an expansion of

A

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Human Development (10 decks)

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