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Human Development > Foundational Issues > Flashcards

Foundational Issues Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal Period

A

Conception to Birth

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2
Q

Infancy

A

Birth to 2 years

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3
Q

Toddlerhood

A

2-3 years

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4
Q

Early Childhood

A

3-5 years

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5
Q

Middle Childhood

A

6-12 years

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6
Q

Adolescence

A

13-19 years

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7
Q

Young Adulthood

A

19-30 years

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8
Q

Middle adulthood

A

30-60 years

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9
Q

Late adulthood

A

60-75 years

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10
Q

Old age

A

75+ years

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11
Q

Biological aging

A

how the body functions and changes over time

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12
Q

Anabolism

A

body building to peak potential

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13
Q

Catabolism

A

Body’s slow deterioration from peak through individual’s death

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14
Q

Psychological Aging

A

One’s perception of personal age

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15
Q

Social aging

A

How chronological age is viewed in societal or cultural context

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16
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Impact on human development of genetics/heredity vs. environmental influences

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17
Q

Continuous Development

A

Small shifts or gradual, sequential changes that occur and are difficult to separate. E.g. Skinner’s operant conditioning.

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18
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

changes in behaviors and abilities as qualitatively different from previous or subsequent behaviors and abilities. E.g. Piaget and Erikson theories

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19
Q

Active Theories

A

Portray people as active in regulating or governing their behavior. E.g. Erikson

20
Q

Reactive Theories

A

People are passive and react to environmental stimuli to accommodate changes. E.g. Skinner’s operant conditioning

21
Q

Case Study

A

Collecting data on a developmental change from a single individual, or a single group of individuals experiencing similar developmental phenomenon

22
Q

Advantages of case study

A

in-depth analysis

23
Q

Disadvantages of case study

A

No systematic comparison possible and not automatically applicable to others

24
Q

Naturalistic study

A

conducted in natural settings, usually through observation and interview. Likened to qualitative research.

25
Q

Advantages of Naturalistic study

A

Rich, meaningful data

26
Q

Disadvantages of Naturalistic study

A

Observer effects

27
Q

Survey Research

A

Interviews or questionnaires. Sampling a large pool of participants to assess and understand their thoughts, feelings, perceptions.

28
Q

Advantages of survey research

A

Data about many individuals

29
Q

Disadvantages of survey research

A

Large sample sizes needed. Sampling bias can limit generalizability

30
Q

Correlational research design

A

study relationship between two variables that exist but are not experimentally manipulated

31
Q

Advantages of correlational research design

A

Describes strength and direction of relationship

32
Q

Disadvantages of correlational research design

A

Causality can’t be determined

33
Q

Cross-sectional design studies

A

Simultaneously examine several groups from differening levels of development (e.g. 5-year olds, 10-year-olds, and 15-year-olds).

34
Q

Advantages of cross-sectional design studies

A

Less expensive and less than longitudinal studies

35
Q

Disadvantages of cross-sectional design studies

A

Diffusion of individual changes––changes might be due to “cohort effect”

36
Q

Longitudinal design studies

A

Examine and re-examine the same group (cohort) of individuals of a specific developmental level as they mature and age, usually over a time frame of at least 10 years

37
Q

Advantages of Longitudinal design studies

A

Display of development trends

38
Q

Disadvantages of Longitudinal design studies

A

more expensive in time and money

39
Q

Time-lag study

A

Sometimes called cohort sequential studies, involve replications of previous studies on a modern-day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study. a time-lag study of intelligence might compare a group of people who were 20 years old in 2005 with groups who were 20 years old in 2006, 2007, and 2008.

40
Q

Advantages of a Time-lag study

A

Allows intergenerational comparisons

41
Q

Disadvantages of Time-lag study

A

Cohort effect: An example of a cohort effect could be seen in an experiment in which participants use a computer to perform a cognitive task. The results might show that participants in their 20s did vastly better on the cognitive test that participants in their 60s.

42
Q

Aging involves growth and change in an organism over time and is categorized as

A

Biological, social, and psychological

43
Q

Diane is often mistaken for being 10 years younger than her actual age. She says that her youthful glow is from living a carefree life and lots of physical activity. What is NOT a true statement about biological aging?

A

Biological aging refers to people’s perceptions of how old or young they feel.

44
Q

Part of biological aging, the term catabolism refers to

A

The body’s decline to death from its peak

45
Q

Intelligence is accounted for mostly by a person’s

A

Genetics

46
Q

Nature versus nurture has been a controversial topic in developmental psychology. Today, epigenetic theorists emphasize the importance of

A

the combination of nature and nurture

Human Development (10 decks)

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