Personality

Question 1

Personality Traits:

Answer 1

Enduring characteristics that influence how individuals behave across time and situations.

Question 2

Personality

Answer 2

refers to the unique combination of characteristics and traits that make each individual distinct.

Question 3

Hollander (1971):

Answer 3

Defined personality as “the sum total of an individual’s characteristics which make him/her unique.”

Question 4

Lindsay, Paulhas, & Nairne (2008):

Answer 4

Personality is “the overall organization of psychological characteristics – thinking, feeling, and behaving – that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across time and situations.”

Question 5

Psychological States:

Answer 5

: Temporary, situation-dependent feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.Can change rapidly depending on the context (e.g., anxiety before a game, excitement after scoring).
Often influenced by external factors such as the importance of the event, the presence of others, and the athlete’s level of preparedness.

Question 6

Trait Theory

Answer 6

Suggests that behavior in sport can be predicted based on an athlete’s personality traits.

Question 7

Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck:

Answer 7

Early theorists who developed models of trait-based behavior.

Question 8

The Big Five
OCEAN

Answer 8

Openness: Curiosity, creativity, and willingness to try new things.
Conscientiousness: Discipline, organization, and achievement-striving.
Extraversion: Sociability, assertiveness, and energetic approach to life.
Agreeableness: Compassion, cooperation, and trust in others.
Neuroticism: Tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety or sadness.

Question 9

Id

Answer 9

Unconscious, driven by basic needs and desires (pleasure principle).

Question 10

Ego

Answer 10

Conscious, logical mediator (reality principle).

Question 11

Superego

Answer 11

Moral compass, internalized societal standards (conscience).

Question 12

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

Answer 12

Physiological needs(food, water, sleep).
Safety needs(personal, financial security).
Social needs(belonging, love).
Esteem needs(achievement, recognition).
Self-actualization: Striving for full potential and personal growth.

Question 13

Social reinforcement

Answer 13

Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated

Question 14

State anxiety

Answer 14

Anxiety in specific situations.

Question 15

Trait anxiety

Answer 15

Long-term disposition to feel anxious.

Question 16

Psychological core

Answer 16

: The most stable and consistent aspect (values, self-concept, motives).

Question 17

Typical responses

Answer 17

Usual ways of responding to environmental situations.

Question 18

Role-related behaviors

Answer 18

The most superficial, dynamic responses based on the situation.

Question 19

High conscientiousness

Answer 19

Linked to consistent training and better performance outcomes.

Question 20

High neuroticism:

Answer 20

Associated with increased anxiety, potentially hindering performance in high-pressure situations.

Question 21

High extraversion

Answer 21

Often leads to better performance in team settings and high-energy environments.

Question 22

Trait-Situation Interaction

Answer 22

Behavior is shaped by both an athlete’s personality traits and the specific context they are in.

Question 23

High-pressure situations:

Answer 23

An anxious athlete may struggle in competition but perform well in training.

Question 24

Team environments:

Answer 24

Extroverted athletes may thrive with the energy of a crowd, while introverts might perform better in quieter, individual sports.

Question 25

Stable Situation Profiles

Answer 25

: Athletes who respond consistently across different situations.
Example: An athlete who always feels calm during practice but gets anxious during competition.

Question 26

Unstable Situation Profiles

Answer 26

Athletes whose responses fluctuate widely depending on the situation.
Example: An athlete who feels calm in some competitions but experiences extreme anxiety in others.

Question 27

Personalized Coaching

Answer 27

Adjust coaching strategies based on athlete’s personality traits and situation profiles.
Example: For an athlete with high neuroticism, emphasize relaxation techniques before competition.

Question 28

Trait-Situation Fit:

Answer 28

Matching athletes to the right environments can improve performance.
Example: An extroverted athlete might perform better in team sports with a large audience, while an introverted athlete may excel in individual sports with less social pressure.

Question 29

Risk-taking:

Answer 29

Athletes often engage in riskier behaviors in sports to push boundaries and achieve success.
Example: High-risk sports like motocross, skydiving, or extreme skiing.

Question 30

Sensation-seeking

Answer 30

: Some athletes are drawn to intense, novel, and thrilling experiences.
Example: Athletes in adventure sports who seek excitement and thrive on physical challenges.

Question 31

Adaptive perfectionism

Answer 31

High personal standards paired with realistic goals and self-discipline.

Question 31

Perfectionism

Answer 31

Characterized by striving for flawlessness, which can be both adaptive and maladaptive.

Question 32

Maladaptive perfectionism:

Answer 32

Unrealistic standards, self-criticism, and fear of failure.

Question 33

Adaptive perfectionists Impact on Performance

Answer 33

Adaptive perfectionists tend to be more motivated and focused on improvement.

Question 34

Harmonious Passion

Answer 34

Engaging in sport for the love of the activity; balanced with other life activities.

Question 35

Obsessive Passion:

Answer 35

Driven by external pressures, leading to rigid engagement and imbalance.

Question 36

Harmonious passion and obsessive passion
Impact on Performance:

Answer 36

Harmonious passion leads to greater enjoyment and long-term success; obsessive passion may lead to burnout or negative emotional outcomes.

Question 37

Attentional Style:

Answer 37

The way athletes focus on internal vs. external cues and broad vs. narrow fields of attention.

Question 38

Mental Toughness

Answer 38

The ability to remain focused, resilient, and confident under pressure.
Key attributes: Control over emotions, high commitment to goals, confidence in overcoming challenges.
Impact: Strong correlation between mental toughness and successful performance in high-pressure situations.

Question 39

Internal

Answer 39

Focus on thoughts and bodily sensations.

Question 40

External

Answer 40

Focus on environmental cues, like the positioning of opponents.

Question 41

Broad vs. Narrow

Answer 41

Depending on the demands of the sport, attention may shift from a wide perspective to a focused one.

Question 42

Optimal Performance

Answer 42

Matching attentional style to sport-specific demands can enhance performance.

Question 43

Stress Regulation

Answer 43

: Athletes need the ability to remain calm under pressure to succeed.

Question 44

Conscientiousness and Neuroticism

Answer 44

Strongly influence an athlete’s ability to handle stress.

Question 45

Stress Coping Techniques

Answer 45

Athletes often use techniques like visualization, relaxation, and positive self-talk to manage stress effectively.

Question 46

Personality Testing in sport

Answer 46

Coaches and sport psychologists may use personality assessments to better understand an athlete’s traits.
Helps identify traits that influence training styles, stress responses, and social dynamics within a team