Motivation Flashcards
State Orientation
Individuals focus on their current emotional state and ruminate on difficulties.
Action Orientation
Individuals focus on the actions needed to overcome obstacles and achieve goals.
Action-oriented
Impact in Sport
Action-oriented athletes are better at translating intentions into actions, particularly under pressure.
Implementation Intentions
Pre-planning specific responses to potential challenges increases the likelihood of following through with goals.
Self-Monitoring:
Regularly tracking progress helps athletes stay focused and adjust their actions when necessary.
Goal Shielding:
Focusing solely on goal-relevant actions while ignoring distractions helps maintain progress.
Shielding
The process of staying focused on a goal by blocking out distractions.
Interruption
The ability to remain flexible and adapt to changing circumstances.
Dilemma
Athletes must balance between goal focus (shielding) and adapting when the situation demands (interruption).
Key Componentsof Motivation:
Choice: Direction of effort.
Effort: Intensity of effort.
Persistence: Maintenance of effort over time.
Motives:
The reasons behind people’s choices.
Youth often cite: Improving skills, having fun, being with friends.
Adults focus on: Health, fitness, self-challenge.
Motives Change Over Time:
People may start an exercise routine for health reasons but continue for social benefits.
Trait-Centered View
Motivation is driven by individual characteristics like personality and needs.
Example: “Born winners.”
Situation-Centered View
Motivation is influenced by the environment or situation.
Example: Motivation in exercise class vs. lack of motivation in competitive sports.
Interactional View
The best way to understand motivation is through the interaction of personality and situation.
Motivation = Traits + Environment
Example: An extroverted athlete may thrive in a competitive team environment but struggle in solitary training.
Behavioral Approach
Focus on conditioning and learning from the environment.
Operant Conditioning
Behavior is shaped by rewards and punishment.
Vicarious Conditioning
Learning through observation.
Cognitive Approach
Emphasizes the role of thought patterns and cognitive habits.
Focus oninterpretation of the environment.
Automatic thoughts, cognitive errors, and beliefs can be changed to improve motivation.
Cognitive-Behavioral Approach:
Thoughts, emotions, and behaviors all interact.
Cognitions influence emotions, and behaviors influence thought patterns.
Theories of Motivation: Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
Precontemplation: No intention to change.
Contemplation: Considering change.
Preparation: Taking small steps.
Action: Engaged in behavior change.
Maintenance: Sustained change.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Intention: Readiness to perform a behavior.
Attitude: Evaluation of behavior (positive or negative).
Subjective Norms: Perceived social pressure.
Perceived Behavioral Control: Degree to which the behavior is seen as within the person’s control.
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT):
Observational Learning: Learning through observing others.
Reinforcement: Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated.
Self-Efficacy: Belief in one’s ability to succeed in a specific task.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT):
Focuses on intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation.
Three basic psychological needs:
Autonomy: The need for self-control and choice.
Competence: The need to feel effective and capable.
Relatedness: The need to connect with others and feel a sense of belonging.
Organismic Integration Theory(OIT)
explains different types of motivation on a continuum.
Continuum: Frommotivation(absence of motivation) tointrinsic motivation(self-determined behavior).
Amotivation: No motivation or interest.
External regulation: Behavior driven by external rewards (trophies, approval).
Introjected regulation: Behavior driven by guilt or obligation.
Identified regulation: Behavior aligned with personal values and goals.
Integrated regulation: Behavior becomes part of one’s identity.
Intrinsic motivation: Behavior done for personal enjoyment and satisfaction.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET):
Focuses on how rewards affect intrinsic motivation.
Informational rewards: Reinforce competence and can increase intrinsic motivation.
Controlling rewards: Perceived as controlling behavior, reducing intrinsic motivation.
Example: Scholarships can be seen as either reinforcing competence or as controlling behavior.
Causality Orientations Theory(COT):
Focuses on personality-level constructs likelocus of control.
Three types of orientations:
Autonomous orientation: Self-directed and internally motivated.
Controlled orientation: Motivated by external pressures and demands.
Impersonal orientation: Feelings of lack of control, leading to amotivation.
Goal Contents Theory (GCT):
Focuses on what people strive to attain (goals).
Intrinsic goals: Focused on personal growth, relationships, and health.
Extrinsic goals: Focused on wealth, fame, and rewards.
Achievement Goal Theory(AGT):
People define success and failure differently.
Task Goal Orientation: Success based on personal improvement and learning.
Ego Goal Orientation: Success based on outperforming others.
Key differences in motivation and outcomes.
Developmental Stages:
Autonomous Competence Stage: Focus on mastering the environment, no comparison to others.
Social Comparison Stage: Direct comparisons with others, performance judged relative to peers.
Integrated Stage: Both self-referenced and peer comparison are used appropriately.
Achievement Goal Theory and Age Development
Children under 12 often struggle to distinguish between effort and ability.
As children develop, they move from autonomous competence to social comparison stages.
Integration of both self-referenced and peer comparison strategies occurs later in development.
Motivational Climate
created by leaders influences goal orientation.
Performance (Ego) Climate
Emphasizes outperforming others and winning.Adaptive vs. less adaptive motivational patterns.
Mastery (Task) Climate
Encourages personal improvement, learning, and effort.
Individual Sports:
Mastery goals are emphasized (focus on personal improvement).
Feedback is typically more immediate and related to individual performance.
Team Sports:
Balancing mastery and performance goals.
Team dynamics often shift focus toward performance goals (contributing to team success).
Common Barriers:
Lack of motivation
External pressure (e.g., from coaches or spectators)
Injuries and physical setbacks
Unrealistic or overly ambitious goals
Strategies to Overcome Barriers:
Adjusting goals to be more realistic
Seeking support from coaches and peers
Emphasizing incremental progress rather than only focusing on the outcome
Mental Imagery:
Athletes visualize themselves successfully achieving their goals.
Enhances focus, confidence, and motivation.
Application in Sport:
Helps athletes mentally rehearse performances.
Builds a positive mindset and reduces anxiety before competition.
Factors Influencing Commitment:
Personal Importance: How much the goal matters to the individual.
Belief in Goal Attainability: Whether the individual believes they can achieve the goal.
Types of Social Support:
Emotional: Encouragement from family, friends, and coaches.
Instrumental: Practical help (e.g., transportation to training, providing resources).
Motivational: Encouragement and feedback to stay focused on goals.
Impact of Competition on Motivation
Positive Effects of Competition:
Enhances focus and increases effort.
Encourages athletes to push their limits.
Negative Effects of Competition:
Can lead to anxiety and stress.
May reduce intrinsic motivation if the focus is solely on winning.
Balancing Competition:
Use competition as a tool to motivate, but avoid overemphasis on outcomes
Intrinsic Motivation:
Engaging in an activity for the inherent enjoyment or satisfaction it provides.
Flow State
A mental state where athletes are fully immersed and focused on the activity.
Loss of self-consciousness
Merging of action and awareness
A sense of control over the activity
Strategies for Time Management:
Prioritize Training: Allocate time to key skill development and conditioning.
Balance Recovery: Ensure adequate rest to prevent burnout and injuries.
Use Short-Term Goals: Break down larger goals into manageable, time-bound tasks.
Example: A marathon runner creates a weekly training schedule that includes both long runs and recovery days
SMART GOALS
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound
Definition of Implicit Motives:
Implicit motives are unconscious, enduring preferences for certain classes of incentives. They direct behavior toward goals that provide intrinsic satisfaction.
Difference Between Implicit and Explicit Motives
Implicit motives operate unconsciously and influence behavior based on internal satisfaction, whereas explicit motives are conscious goals influenced by societal expectations.
Importance in Sports
: In the context of sport and exercise, implicit motives predict long-term engagement and success in sport, influencing athletes’ energy and behavior.
Methods of Measurement:Picture Story Exercises (PSE):
Athletes respond to ambiguous images, revealing underlying motives.
Questionnaires
Commonly used for measuring explicit motives, but less effective for implicit motives.
Implicit vs. Explicit Motive Measurement:
While implicit motives are measured indirectly (e.g., projective tests like PSE), explicit motives are self-reported through direct methods like questionnaires.
The Affiliation Motive
Refers to the desire to establish and maintain positive social relationships.
In Sport Context
: Athletes with a strong affiliation motive tend to perform better when they feel part of a group or team.
Physiological Processes
Affiliation motive is associated with stronger immune responses and stress-reducing hormones such as oxytocin and progesterone.
The Power Motive
The desire to have an impact, influence, or control over others.
In Sports: Athletes with strong power motives are often leaders or captains in team sports, thrive in competitive situations, and enjoy direct competition with opponents.
Physiological Correlates: Increased levels of testosterone and adrenaline are linked to the power motive, especially in competitive environments.
Volition
The mental process that drives goal-directed actions despite challenges.
Role in Sport: Ensures athletes act on their intentions, maintaining persistence even when motivation wanes.
Distinction from Motivation: Motivation is about setting goals; volition is about executing them.
Self-Control as a Limited Resource:
Self-control can be depleted through overuse, like a muscle.
Ego Depletion
When self-control is exhausted, performance and decision-making decline.
Impact in Sport
Depleted self-control can impair focus and persistence during competition.
Theory of Action Control
Proposed by Kuhl (1983), this theory highlights volitional processes that support the achievement of goals, especially in the face of obstacles and distractions.
Self-Control:
Conscious effort to resist distractions and temptations to achieve goals.
Self-Regulation
Unconscious processes that help maintain goal pursuit more effortlessly.
The Marshmallow Test
A psychological experiment that demonstrates the ability to delay gratification for long-term rewards.
Application in Sport: Athletes who can delay gratification are more likely to succeed in long-term goal achievement, as they resist immediate temptations in favor of future success.
Emotion Control in Volition
: Emotions can either support or undermine goal-directed actions. Managing emotions is critical for maintaining volition.
Techniques for Emotion Control:
Positive reappraisal of stressful situations.
Focusing on long-term rewards instead of short-term discomfort.
State Orientation
Individuals focus on their current emotional state and ruminate on difficulties.
Action Orientation
: Individuals focus on the actions needed to overcome obstacles and achieve goals.
Impact in Sport
Action-oriented athletes are better at translating intentions into actions, particularly under pressure.
