Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

Question 2

hstorical perspectives of the personality

Answer 2

Hippocrates, Galen, Franz Gall, Emmanuel Kant, Wilhem Wundt

Question 3

personnality according to Wundt

Answer 3

1 emotional / non-emotional
2. Changeable/Unchangeable

Question 4

psychodynamic perspectives (Freud)

Answer 4

unconscious drives influences by sex, agression and childhood sexuality influence personality

Question 5

Unconscious

Answer 5

mental activity that we are unaware of and are unable to access.

Question 6

Freudian slip

Answer 6

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue (saying a word you did not intend to say) are sexual/aggressive urges accidently slipping out of our unconscious.

Question 7

competing forces that forms personality

Answer 7

1.Biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives.
2.Internal (socialized) control over these pleasure-seeking drives.

Question 8

Id

Answer 8

Contains primitive urges (for hunger, thirst, and sex).
Impulsive, instinctual.
Operates on the ”pleasure principle” – seeks immediate gratification.

Question 9

Superego

Answer 9

Develops through interactions with others, learning social rules for right and wrong.
Moral compass that tells us how we should behave based on rules..
Strives for perfection.
Judges behavior - leads to feelings of pride or guilt.

Question 10

ego (self)

Answer 10

Attempts to balance the id with the superego.
Rational
Operates on the “reality principle” – helps the id satisfy desires in a realistic way.
The part of the personality seen by others.

Question 11

effects of Id and ego on personality

Answer 11

Balanced id and superego → healthy personality.
Imbalanced id and superego → neurosis (tendency to experience negative emotions), anxiety disorders, or unhealthy behaviors.

Question 12

defense mechanism function

Answer 12

• Unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety.
• Used by the ego to restore balance between the id and superego.
• Freud believed them to be used by everyone but that overuse could be problematic.

Question 13

stages of psychosexual development

Answer 13

oral stage (birth - 1yo), anal stage (1-3yo), phallic stage (3-6yo), latency stage (6-12yo), genital stage (12+)

Question 14

oral stage

Answer 14

erogenous zone is mouth, pleasure from eating and sucking, major conflict is being weaned from bottle or breast, adult fixation is smoking, overeating and nail biting

Question 15

anal stage

Answer 15

Erogenous zone – anus.
Pleasure – from bowel and bladder movements.
Major conflict – toilet training.
Adult fixation – anal-retentive personality (stingy, stubborn, need for order and neatness), anal-expulsive personality (messy, careless, disorganized, prone to emotional outbursts).

Question 16

phallic stage

Answer 16

Erogenous zone – genitals.
Major conflict – child feels a desire for the opposite-sex parent, and jealousy and hatred toward the same-sex parent.
Oedipus complex (boys) – desire for mother’s attention, urge to replace father. Afraid of being punished by father for these feelings (castration anxiety).
Electra complex (girls) - desire for father’s attention, urge to replace mother. Angry at mother for not providing them with a penis (penis envy).
Adult fixation – vanity, over-ambition.

Question 17

latency stage

Answer 17

Sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on school, friendships, hobbies and engage with peers of the same-sex.

Question 18

genital stage

Answer 18

Erogenous zone – genitals.
Sexual reawakening – urges are redirected from parents to more socially acceptable partners.

Question 19

alfred adler

Answer 19

Focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority

Question 20

inferiority complex

Answer 20

A person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society.

Question 21

3 fundamental social tasks

Answer 21

Occupational tasks – careers.
Societal tasks – friendship.
Love tasks – finding an intimate partner.

Question 22

erik erikson

Answer 22

personality develops throughout the lifespan, social relationships are important at each stages

Question 23

Carl jung

Answer 23

analytical psychology : focus on working to balace conscious and unconscious thought, anxiety

Question 24

collective unconscious

Answer 24

universal version of personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us.

Question 25

archetypes

Answer 25

–patterns that exist in our collective unconscious across cultures/societies.
1.Represented by universal themes in various cultures reflecting common experiences of people around the world.
2.Integration of unconscious archetypal aspects of the self seen as part of self-realization process.

Question 26

Persona

Answer 26

A mask that we consciously adopt.
1.Derived from conscious experiences and our collective unconscious.
2.A compromise between our true self and the self that society expects us to be (hiding parts of the self that do not align with societies expectations).

Question 27

extroversion vs introversion

Answer 27

important for personality

Question 28

3 styles of coping used by children to relieve anxiety:

Answer 28

Moving toward people – affiliation and dependence.
As adults – likely to have an intense need for love and acceptance.
Moving against people – aggression and assertiveness.
As adults – likely to lash out and exploit others.
Moving away from people – detachment and isolation.
As adults – likely to avoid love/friendship and avoid interaction with others.

Question 29

Skinner (behavioral perpective)

Answer 29

We learn to behave in particular ways.
Personality is shaped by reinforcements and consequences in the environment.
Personality develops over our entire life.
Personality can vary as we experience new situations.

Question 30

albert bandura

Answer 30

social-cognitive perspective

Question 31

social-cognitive theory

Answer 31

emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual difference in personality.

Question 32

factors in personality development

Answer 32

Reciprocal Determinism – cognitive processes (beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics), behavior, and context (environment/situation) all interact. (see next slide).
Observational learning – learning by observing someone else’s behavior and it’s consequences.
Teaches us which behaviors are acceptable and rewarded in our culture.
Teaches us which behaviors are socially unacceptable.
Self-efficacy – level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences.
Affects how we approach challenges.