Lifespan development Flashcards
Developmental psychology
The study of how people change and grow over time, physically, mentally and socially
three domains in DP
physical, cognitive, psychological
normative approach
norms of developmental milestones that tends to be universal (biological and social)
Continious development
a cumulative process on improving the existing skills
Discontinuious development
occuring in unique stages
4 theories of development
psychosexual theory, psychosocial theory, cognitive theory, theory of moral development
pyschosexual theory (freud)
- childhood and experiences build our personality and behaviours
- development is discontinious
- 5 stages od psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
Psychosocial theory (Erikson)
- social nature of development
- personality development takes place across the lifespan ( but not just in childhood)
- 8 stages
Cognitive theory (piaget)
- Focus on child’s cognitive growth through specific stages
- schemata that they adjust through assimilation (incorporates infirmation into existing schemata) and accomodation (change of schemata based on new information)
Theory of moral development (Kohlberg)
3 levels of moral develoment (pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional)
The heinz case
Stages of development
prenatal, infancy through childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood
prenatal and infant development
human fertilization, zugote, embryo, fetus, the fetal stage (9-40 stages)
teratogens
toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects
case study on fetal alcohol syndrome
Taken in by a loving family at the age of eight weeks, Alanna grew up in the majestic wilderness of the Yukon mountains. Because her mother drank heavily during pregnancy, Alanna’s development was seriously compromised. She has fetal alcohol syndrome. She will never be like other kids.
Tackling the subject with sensitivity, Julie Plourde’s documentary speaks to the heart. Alanna is a wake-up call about a tragedy that’s largely underestimated by the public but of growing concern to health professionals around the world. In French with English subtitles.
The APGAR test
evaluation of a newborn’s overall health in the first few minutes of life
newborn reflexes, sensory abilities
Rooting: Baby turns its head toward something that brushes its cheek and gropes around with mouth.
Sucking: Newborn’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth.
Swallowing: Enables newborn babies to swallow liquids without choking.
Stepping: Stepping motions made by an infant when held upright (precursor to walking).
The Babinski Reflex: When the sole of a baby’s foot is touched, the toes curl up and out
Grasping: Close fist around anything placed in their hand
TheMororeflex:is the newborn’s response when she feels like she is falling. The baby spreads her arms, pulls them back in, and then (usually) cries.
Crawling: When placed on the stomach, a baby will make a crawling motion
physical developmental
growth, nervous system, motor development, cognitive milestones
psychosocial development
attachement - a long standing connection or bond with others
Harlow psychosocial development attachment
monkeys, Results suggest that feelings of comfort and security are the critical components to maternal-infant bonding, Contact comfort was preferred over food. Infant monkeys spent more time with soft cuddly “mother” than the “mother” with food.
John Bowvly (attachment theory)
secure base (pernatl presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings), emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space, Bowlby discovered that maternal deprivation can seriously affect babies. It’s so potentially damaging that the child can even develop an intellectual delay and a the ability to form stable relationships throughout life.
Attachment begins with contact comfort.
The innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; basis of infant’s first attachment
experiment of Mary Ainsworth
The strange situation
1. secure (common when caregivers are sensitive and responsive to needs)
2.avoidant (common when caregivers are sentitive and innattentive to needs)
3. resistant (common when caregiver is inconsistent level of response)
4. disorganized (common when child has been abused)
insecure attachements
abandonment and deprivation, parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic, stressful circumstances, genetically influenced temperament
self-concept
Development of a positive sense of self is the main psychosocial milestone of childhood.
parenting styles
Authoritative style – parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view.
Authoritarian style – parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child.
Permissive style – parents make few demands and rarely use punishment.
Uninvolved style – parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands.
temperament
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
easy temperament
positive emotions, adapt well to change, and capable of regulating emoitions
difficult temperament
negative emotions, difficulty adapting to change and regulating emotions
language
a system that combines meaningless elements such as sounds or gestures to form structured utterances that convey meaning
Case of Gene Wiley
Her father was abusive,
Critical period for language acquisition: early in life is easier
Perhaps being deprived the opportunity from learning language impeded Genie’s ability to fully acquire and use language
menarche
refers to the beginning of menstruation
spermache
occurs in boys around age 13
adolescent brain development
is limited because the frontal lobe is still developping
adolescence
period of development between puberty (capable of reproduction) and adulthood
frontal lobe
responsible for judgment, impulse control and planning
brain growth
development of prefrontal and limbic system
drugs like marijuana are vulnerable to lasting damage from the drug
cognitive empathy
the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others.
adolescence according to Erikson
stage of identity vs role confusion stage
When does a person become an adult
legally, at 18yo but depends of culture, social milestones, each individuals
emerging adulthood (18-29)
identity exploration focus on work and love, not yet adults, More emotionally controlled, confident, less dependent, and less angry and alienated than adolescents.
physical development early adulthood
physical abilities at their peak
middle adulthood physical development
physical decline is gradual, skin loses in elasticity, visual acuity decreases…
Late adulthood
skin continues to lose elasticity, reaction time slows further, muscle strenght diminishes, senses decline, memory loss
crystalized intelligence
(information, skills, and strategies gathered through experience) remains steady or improves.
fluid intelligence
(information processing abilities, reasoning, and memory) begins to decline.
Good impact on health
exercise, social support, cognitive activities, relationship, employement
Negative impact on health
parties, smoking, sleep, alcohol consumption, medications, malnutritions, sexual transmitted diseases, sedentary lifestyle, loss of meaningful activity, intellectual stimulation and control over events
Socioemotional selectivity theory
as we get older, our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years.
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
Stages of death and dying: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Thanatology
a scientific discipline that examines death from many perspectives, including physical, ethical, spiritual, medical, sociological, and psychological. Concerned with the study of death and dying and the psychological mechanisms of dealing with them
Death and dying
culture and individuals backgroung influence our view of the death
