personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

the pattern of psychological and behavioral charcateristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people

Question 2

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 2

Freud’s view that human behavior and personality are determined largely by psychological factors, many of which are unconscious

Question 3

psychodynamic approach

Answer 3

a view developed by Freud that emphasizes unconscious mental processes in explaining human thought, feelings, and behavior

Question 4

id

Answer 4

according to Freud, a personality component containing basic instincts, desires, and impulses with which all people are born

Question 5

pleasure principle

Answer 5

the operating principle of the ego, which takes into account the constraints of the social world

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

according to freud, the part of the personality that makes compromises and mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world

Question 7

reality principle

Answer 7

the operating principle of the ego, which takes into account the constraints of the social world

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

according to freud, the component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do

Question 9

defense mechanisms

Answer 9

unconscious tactics that either prevent threatening material from surfacing or disguise it when it does

Question 10

psychosexual development

Answer 10

periods of personality development in which, according to Freud, internal and external conflicts focus on particular issues

Question 11

oral stage

Answer 11

the first of Freud’s psychosexual stages, in which thte mouth is the center of pleasure

Question 12

anal stage

Answer 12

the second of Freud’s psychosexual stages, in which the focus of pleasure shifts from the mouth to the anus

Question 13

phallic stage

Answer 13

the third of Freud’s psychosexual stages, in which the focus of pleasure shifts to the genital area

Question 14

oedipal complex

Answer 14

the notion that young boys’ impulses involve sexual feelings for the mother and the desire to eliminate the father

Question 15

electra complex

Answer 15

the notion that young girls develop an attachment to the father and compete with the mother for the fathers attention

Question 16

latency period

Answer 16

the fourth of Freud’s psychosexual stages, in which sexual impulses become dormant and the child focuses on education and other matters

Question 17

genital stage

Answer 17

the fifht and last of Freud’s psychosexual stages, when sexual impulses reappear at the conscious level during adolescence

Question 18

personality traits

Answer 18

a set of stable characgteristics that people display over time and across situations

Question 19

trait approach

Answer 19

a perspective on personality that views it as the combination of stable characteristics that people display over time and across situations

Question 20

five-factor personality model

Answer 20

a view based on studies using factor analysis that suggests the existence of five basic components of human personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 21

social cognitive approach

Answer 21

the view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behavior

Question 22

self-efficacy

Answer 22

according to Bandura, the learned expectation of success in given situations

Question 23

humanistic psychology approach

Answer 23

the view that personality develops in accordance with each perosn’s unique perceptions of the world

Question 24

self-actualization

Answer 24

the reaching of one’s fullest potential; the complete realization of a person’s talents, faculties and abilities

Question 25

actualizing tendency

Answer 25

an innate inclination toward motivates all human behavior

Question 26

self-concept

Answer 26

the way one thinks of oneself

Question 27

conditions of worth

Answer 27

according to Rogers, circumstances in which an individual experiences positive regard from others only when displaying certain behaviors or attitudes

Question 28

projective personality measures

Answer 28

tests made up of relatively unstructured stimuli in which responses are seen as reflecting the individuals’ unconscious needs, fantasies, conflicts, thought patterns, and other aspects of personality

Question 29

nonprojective personality measures

Answer 29

tests that list clear, specific questions, statements, or concepts to which people are asked to respond