Peritoneum, Omentum, Ligaments Flashcards
1
Q
what is the continuous, glistening and slippery transparent serous membrane
A
peritoneum
2
Q
what lines the abdominopelvic cavity and invest the viscera
A
peritoneum
3
Q
what are the two layers of the peritoneum
A
parietal and visceral
4
Q
what lines the surface of the abdominopelvic wall
A
parietal peritoneum
5
Q
what lines the viscera like the stomach and the intestines
A
visceral peritoneum
6
Q
both of the layers consist of a layer of simple squamous epithelial cells what is it called
A
meothelium
7
Q
what is the pain like from the parietal peritoneum
A
generally localized
8
Q
if someone is experiencing pain in he inferior surface of the central tendon of the diaphragm where is the pain often referred?
A
C3-C5 dermatomes over the shoulder
9
Q
what is the visceral peritoneum insensitive too?
A
touch
heat
cold
laceration
10
Q
what are the two things that are known to stimulate the visceral peritoneum
A
stretching and chemical reactions
11
Q
pain from the forgut is felt wheree
A
epigastric region
12
Q
pain from midgut is felt where
A
umbilical region
13
Q
pain from hindgut is felt where
A
pubic region
14
Q
what is it called when an organ is completley covered with visceral peritoneum
A
intraperitoneal
15
Q
example of intraperitoneal organs
A
spleen and stomach
16
Q
extraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, and subperitoneal all refer to organs that are what
A
outside of the peritoneal cavity or only partially covered by peritoneum
17
Q
extraperitoneal
A
organs that lie outside of the peritoneum like the kidneys that have parietal peritonaeum on their anterior surface conly
18
Q
the bladder has what kind of peritoneum
A
extraperitoneal, peritoneum is only on the superior sruface
19
Q
subperitoneal?
A
deep to or underneath the peritoneum
20
Q
retroperitoneal
A
behind the peritoneum
21
Q
peritoneal cavity is between what
A
the visceral and the parietal peritoneum
22
Q
what does the peritoneal cavity consist of
A
it doe not contain organs but it has a thin film of fluid
23
Q
what is the thin layer of peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity full of
A
- water
- electrolytes
- interstial fluid from adjacent tissue
24
Q
what allows viscera to move over each other freely
A
peritoneal fluid
25
what aids in the movement of digestion
peritoneal fluid
26
what does the peritoneal fluid contain that resist infection
- antibodies
| - leukocytes
27
what absorbs peritoneal fluid
the lymphatic vessels on the inferior surface of the active diaphragm
28
in males what is the state of the peritoneal cavity
completely closed
29
in females where is the communication pathway of the peritoneal cavity
in the uterine tubes, uterine cavity, and vagina
30
the communication of the peritoneal cavity in females (tubes, vagina, uterine cavity) is a pathway for what
infections
31
why is it rare for organisms to enter the female peritoneal cavity through uterine tubes
because of the protective mechanism of the female reproductive tract
32
what is the primary mechanism for preventing infection in the female peritoneal cavity
a mucus plug that blocks the external opening of the uterus
33
hysterosalpingography
where air is passed through the uterine tubes
* if the dye can go through the peritoneal cavity from the uterus then you know there is a problem
34
why is it that patients experience a lot of pain when they have a large invasive surgery as opposed to a small laproscopic incision
because the peritoneum is well innervated
35
what makes watertight end to end anastomoses of intraperitoneal organs
the serosa (covering of the peritoneum)
36
what is more difficult to achieve watertight anastemoses
extraperitoneal structures like the esophagus
37
why are efforts made to remain outside of the peritoneal cavity whenever possible during and operation
because of the high chance of peritonitis and adhesion
| extraperitoneal or translumbar approach
38
what is it called when bacterial contamination during laparotomy or when the gut is traumatically penetrated or ruptured , therefore allowing gas, fecal matter, and bacteria into the peritoneal cavity?
peritonitis
39
what is it called when the abdominal muscles tense up and you cannot palpate the area
guarding- protecting the organs inside, usually due to inflammation or fluid
40
when is peritonits lethal
when it becomes generalized, because then it spreads
41
common signs of peritonitis
- severe abd pain
- tenderness
- nausea
- vomiting
- fever
- constipation
42
when does general peritonits occur
only as a result of infection or when an ulcer perforates the wall of the stomach or duodenum (this spills acid into the peritoneal cavty)
43
exces fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called
ascitic fluid ( Ascites)
44
Some reason in which ascites can occur
- mechanical injury
- portal hypetension (venous congestion)
- cancer cells
- starvation
45
acites poses a problem for breathing why
becuase when the abdomen is full of H2O the diaphragm cannot move as well
46
how do people with peritonitis commonly lie due to intense pain they feel
with their knees flexed to relax their abdominal muscles and breath very shallowly (rapidly)
47
what happens to the peritoneum if it is damaged by something like a stab wound
the peritoneal surfaces become inflammed and sticky with fibrin
48
fibrin can replace with what?
| causing what?
may replace with fibrous tissue
forming abnormal attachments between viscera peritoneum and adjacent viscera and parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall
49
adhesions/ scar tissue can form when
after abdominal surgery
50
intestinal obstruction when the gut becomes twisted around an adhesion is called
volvulus (due to Adhesions)
* must repair in 24 hours
51
adhesiotmy
surgical separation of adhesions
52
when do we usually find adhesions
during dissecting cadavers (like spleen and diaphragm)
53
what is the treatment of generalized peritonitis
-removal of ascitic fluid and giving large dose of antibiotics
54
paracentesis
surgical puncture of the peritoneal cavity for draining fluid
55
why is needle inserted in the linea alba for paracentesis?
because laterally may damage inferior epigastric artery
56
when performing paracenteis it is good to have an empty bladder why
because then it does not move around and you insert the needle above it
57
fluid injected into the peritoneal cavity is absorbed rapidly why
because of the large surface area
58
what happens in renal failure
waste products like urea accumulate in the blood and tissues and can reach fatal levels
59
the use of peritoneal dialysis
may be performed in which a soluble substance and excess water are removed from the system by using a sterile solution coming in on one side of the peritoneum and draining out on the other (good for renal failure)
60
peritoneal dialysis is usually temporary for long term what should be used
renal dialysis machine ( direct blood flow)
61
mesentery?
a double layer of peritoneum that occurs because of the invagination of the peritoneum by an organ
62
what provides means for neurovascular communication between organ and body wall?
mesentery
63
a mesentery connects what two things
an intraperitoneal organ to the body wall (usually posterior abdominal wall, i.e. small intestine)
64
small intestine mesentery is referred to as what
mesentery
65
mesentery of the following:
- esophagus
- stomach
- appendix
- colon
mesoesophagus
mesogastrium
mesoappendix
mesocolons (transverse and sigmoid)
66
what does the core of mesentery consist of
connective tissue containing
- blood
- lymph vessels
- nerves
- lymph nodes
- fat
67
what is an omentum
a double layered extension /fold of peritoneum that passes from the stomach and proximal part of duodenum to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity
68
greater omentum
prominent peritoneal fold that hangs down like an APRON from the greater curvature of the stomach and proximal part of duodenum
69
after decsending what does the greater omentum connect to
the anterior surface of the transverse colon and its mesentery
70
lesser omentum?
connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and proximal part of duodenum to the liver
71
peritoneal ligament
is the double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or to the abdominal wall
72
what attached the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
falciform ligament
73
what attaches stomach to liver
hepatogastric ligament (membraneous portion of lesser omentum)
74
liver is connect to duodenum how
hepatodudenal lig
75
hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments are continuous parts of what
lesser omentum
76
stomach is connected to inferior surface of diaphragm by what
gastrophrenic ligament
77
stomach is attached to spleen by what
gastrosplenic ligament
78
stomach is attached to colon transverse colon by..
gastrocolic ligament (apron like part of greater omentum)
79
bare areas
areas on organs that are uncovered by visceral peritoneum to allow neurovascular structures in
80
peritoneal fold
a reflection of peritoneum that is raised from the body wall by underlying blood vessels, ducts, and obliterated fetal vessels)
81
what fold contains the inferior epigastirc arteries
umbilical fold
82
what is known as a pouch of peritoneum that is formed by the peritoneal fold
peritoneal fossa or recess
83
what prevents visceral peritoneum from adhering to the parietal peritoneum
greater omentum
84
all energy gets stored here and fat will be here
greater omentum
85
the greater omentum can form adhesions to surrounding organs why
to wall it off from infections, like the appendix
this is common to find!
86
what cushions organs against injury and forms insulation against loss of body heat
greater omentum
87
what is the clinical importance of peritoneal recesses
the connection with the spread of pathological fluids like pus
88
what do the recess determine in regards to inflammation
the extent and direction of the spread of fluids
