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Anatomy BLOCK 2 > Peritoneum, Omentum, Ligaments > Flashcards

Peritoneum, Omentum, Ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

what is the continuous, glistening and slippery transparent serous membrane

A

peritoneum

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2
Q

what lines the abdominopelvic cavity and invest the viscera

A

peritoneum

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3
Q

what are the two layers of the peritoneum

A

parietal and visceral

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4
Q

what lines the surface of the abdominopelvic wall

A

parietal peritoneum

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5
Q

what lines the viscera like the stomach and the intestines

A

visceral peritoneum

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6
Q

both of the layers consist of a layer of simple squamous epithelial cells what is it called

A

meothelium

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7
Q

what is the pain like from the parietal peritoneum

A

generally localized

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8
Q

if someone is experiencing pain in he inferior surface of the central tendon of the diaphragm where is the pain often referred?

A

C3-C5 dermatomes over the shoulder

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9
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum insensitive too?

A

touch
heat
cold
laceration

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10
Q

what are the two things that are known to stimulate the visceral peritoneum

A

stretching and chemical reactions

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11
Q

pain from the forgut is felt wheree

A

epigastric region

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12
Q

pain from midgut is felt where

A

umbilical region

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13
Q

pain from hindgut is felt where

A

pubic region

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14
Q

what is it called when an organ is completley covered with visceral peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal

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15
Q

example of intraperitoneal organs

A

spleen and stomach

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16
Q

extraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, and subperitoneal all refer to organs that are what

A

outside of the peritoneal cavity or only partially covered by peritoneum

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17
Q

extraperitoneal

A

organs that lie outside of the peritoneum like the kidneys that have parietal peritonaeum on their anterior surface conly

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18
Q

the bladder has what kind of peritoneum

A

extraperitoneal, peritoneum is only on the superior sruface

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19
Q

subperitoneal?

A

deep to or underneath the peritoneum

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20
Q

retroperitoneal

A

behind the peritoneum

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21
Q

peritoneal cavity is between what

A

the visceral and the parietal peritoneum

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22
Q

what does the peritoneal cavity consist of

A

it doe not contain organs but it has a thin film of fluid

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23
Q

what is the thin layer of peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity full of

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • interstial fluid from adjacent tissue
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24
Q

what allows viscera to move over each other freely

A

peritoneal fluid

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25
Q

what aids in the movement of digestion

A

peritoneal fluid

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26
Q

what does the peritoneal fluid contain that resist infection

A
  • antibodies

- leukocytes

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27
Q

what absorbs peritoneal fluid

A

the lymphatic vessels on the inferior surface of the active diaphragm

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28
Q

in males what is the state of the peritoneal cavity

A

completely closed

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29
Q

in females where is the communication pathway of the peritoneal cavity

A

in the uterine tubes, uterine cavity, and vagina

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30
Q

the communication of the peritoneal cavity in females (tubes, vagina, uterine cavity) is a pathway for what

A

infections

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31
Q

why is it rare for organisms to enter the female peritoneal cavity through uterine tubes

A

because of the protective mechanism of the female reproductive tract

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32
Q

what is the primary mechanism for preventing infection in the female peritoneal cavity

A

a mucus plug that blocks the external opening of the uterus

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33
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

where air is passed through the uterine tubes

  • if the dye can go through the peritoneal cavity from the uterus then you know there is a problem
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34
Q

why is it that patients experience a lot of pain when they have a large invasive surgery as opposed to a small laproscopic incision

A

because the peritoneum is well innervated

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35
Q

what makes watertight end to end anastomoses of intraperitoneal organs

A

the serosa (covering of the peritoneum)

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36
Q

what is more difficult to achieve watertight anastemoses

A

extraperitoneal structures like the esophagus

37
Q

why are efforts made to remain outside of the peritoneal cavity whenever possible during and operation

A

because of the high chance of peritonitis and adhesion

extraperitoneal or translumbar approach

38
Q

what is it called when bacterial contamination during laparotomy or when the gut is traumatically penetrated or ruptured , therefore allowing gas, fecal matter, and bacteria into the peritoneal cavity?

A

peritonitis

39
Q

what is it called when the abdominal muscles tense up and you cannot palpate the area

A

guarding- protecting the organs inside, usually due to inflammation or fluid

40
Q

when is peritonits lethal

A

when it becomes generalized, because then it spreads

41
Q

common signs of peritonitis

A
  • severe abd pain
  • tenderness
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • constipation
42
Q

when does general peritonits occur

A

only as a result of infection or when an ulcer perforates the wall of the stomach or duodenum (this spills acid into the peritoneal cavty)

43
Q

exces fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called

A

ascitic fluid ( Ascites)

44
Q

Some reason in which ascites can occur

A
  • mechanical injury
  • portal hypetension (venous congestion)
  • cancer cells
  • starvation
45
Q

acites poses a problem for breathing why

A

becuase when the abdomen is full of H2O the diaphragm cannot move as well

46
Q

how do people with peritonitis commonly lie due to intense pain they feel

A

with their knees flexed to relax their abdominal muscles and breath very shallowly (rapidly)

47
Q

what happens to the peritoneum if it is damaged by something like a stab wound

A

the peritoneal surfaces become inflammed and sticky with fibrin

48
Q

fibrin can replace with what?

causing what?

A

may replace with fibrous tissue

forming abnormal attachments between viscera peritoneum and adjacent viscera and parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall

49
Q

adhesions/ scar tissue can form when

A

after abdominal surgery

50
Q

intestinal obstruction when the gut becomes twisted around an adhesion is called

A

volvulus (due to Adhesions)

  • must repair in 24 hours
51
Q

adhesiotmy

A

surgical separation of adhesions

52
Q

when do we usually find adhesions

A

during dissecting cadavers (like spleen and diaphragm)

53
Q

what is the treatment of generalized peritonitis

A

-removal of ascitic fluid and giving large dose of antibiotics

54
Q

paracentesis

A

surgical puncture of the peritoneal cavity for draining fluid

55
Q

why is needle inserted in the linea alba for paracentesis?

A

because laterally may damage inferior epigastric artery

56
Q

when performing paracenteis it is good to have an empty bladder why

A

because then it does not move around and you insert the needle above it

57
Q

fluid injected into the peritoneal cavity is absorbed rapidly why

A

because of the large surface area

58
Q

what happens in renal failure

A

waste products like urea accumulate in the blood and tissues and can reach fatal levels

59
Q

the use of peritoneal dialysis

A

may be performed in which a soluble substance and excess water are removed from the system by using a sterile solution coming in on one side of the peritoneum and draining out on the other (good for renal failure)

60
Q

peritoneal dialysis is usually temporary for long term what should be used

A

renal dialysis machine ( direct blood flow)

61
Q

mesentery?

A

a double layer of peritoneum that occurs because of the invagination of the peritoneum by an organ

62
Q

what provides means for neurovascular communication between organ and body wall?

A

mesentery

63
Q

a mesentery connects what two things

A

an intraperitoneal organ to the body wall (usually posterior abdominal wall, i.e. small intestine)

64
Q

small intestine mesentery is referred to as what

A

mesentery

65
Q

mesentery of the following:

  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • appendix
  • colon
A

mesoesophagus
mesogastrium
mesoappendix
mesocolons (transverse and sigmoid)

66
Q

what does the core of mesentery consist of

A

connective tissue containing

  • blood
  • lymph vessels
  • nerves
  • lymph nodes
  • fat
67
Q

what is an omentum

A

a double layered extension /fold of peritoneum that passes from the stomach and proximal part of duodenum to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity

68
Q

greater omentum

A

prominent peritoneal fold that hangs down like an APRON from the greater curvature of the stomach and proximal part of duodenum

69
Q

after decsending what does the greater omentum connect to

A

the anterior surface of the transverse colon and its mesentery

70
Q

lesser omentum?

A

connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and proximal part of duodenum to the liver

71
Q

peritoneal ligament

A

is the double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or to the abdominal wall

72
Q

what attached the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

A

falciform ligament

73
Q

what attaches stomach to liver

A

hepatogastric ligament (membraneous portion of lesser omentum)

74
Q

liver is connect to duodenum how

A

hepatodudenal lig

75
Q

hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments are continuous parts of what

A

lesser omentum

76
Q

stomach is connected to inferior surface of diaphragm by what

A

gastrophrenic ligament

77
Q

stomach is attached to spleen by what

A

gastrosplenic ligament

78
Q

stomach is attached to colon transverse colon by..

A

gastrocolic ligament (apron like part of greater omentum)

79
Q

bare areas

A

areas on organs that are uncovered by visceral peritoneum to allow neurovascular structures in

80
Q

peritoneal fold

A

a reflection of peritoneum that is raised from the body wall by underlying blood vessels, ducts, and obliterated fetal vessels)

81
Q

what fold contains the inferior epigastirc arteries

A

umbilical fold

82
Q

what is known as a pouch of peritoneum that is formed by the peritoneal fold

A

peritoneal fossa or recess

83
Q

what prevents visceral peritoneum from adhering to the parietal peritoneum

A

greater omentum

84
Q

all energy gets stored here and fat will be here

A

greater omentum

85
Q

the greater omentum can form adhesions to surrounding organs why

A

to wall it off from infections, like the appendix

this is common to find!

86
Q

what cushions organs against injury and forms insulation against loss of body heat

A

greater omentum

87
Q

what is the clinical importance of peritoneal recesses

A

the connection with the spread of pathological fluids like pus

88
Q

what do the recess determine in regards to inflammation

A

the extent and direction of the spread of fluids

Anatomy BLOCK 2 (8 decks)

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