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Anatomy BLOCK 2 > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what is the abdomen a part of

A

the trunk

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2
Q

the abdomen is between what two things

A

thorax and pelvis

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3
Q

what is superior to the abdomen

A

the inferior thoracic aperature

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4
Q

what is inferior to the abdomen

A

the pelvic gridle

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5
Q

what part of the vertebral column is associated with the abdomen

A

the lumbar column

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6
Q

what is the abdomen able to do while the flexibility of the thorax and pelvis continue?

A

it is able to enclose itself and protect itself

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7
Q

how many regions are there in the abdomen?

A

9

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8
Q

the nine regions are used to describe what

A

the location of

  • organs
  • pains
  • pathologies
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9
Q

what are the four planes that line the nine regions of the abdomen

A 
2 sagittal(vertical)
2transverse
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10
Q

the two sagital planes are also known as…

A

midclavicular planes

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11
Q

where do the two sagital planes pass from?

A

midpoint of the clavicle and the midinguinal parts

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12
Q

what are also known as the subcostal plane and the transtubercular plane

A

the transverse planes

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13
Q

where do the subcostal plane pass through

A

inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage on each side

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14
Q

where does the transtubercular plane pass

A

the illiac tubercles on the body of L5

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15
Q

the transpyloric plane is the midway between what?

A

the superior border of the manubrium and the pubic symph

L1 level

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16
Q

what structures is the transpyloric plane a landmark for?

A
  • fundus of gallbladder
  • neck of the pancreas
  • hilia of kidney
  • superior mesenteric artery and vein
  • duodenum
  • transverse mesocolon
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17
Q

the interspinous plane passes through what

A

easily palpated anterior spine of the illiac

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18
Q

the abdominal wall is musculoaponeurotic except for..

A

the posterior wall (includes lumbar vertebrae)

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19
Q

why is the term anterolateral wall used

A

because the boundaries between anterior and lateral are indefinite

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20
Q

what structures are in both the anterior and lateral walls of abd

A

muscles and cutaneous nerves

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21
Q

all skeletal origin for the anterolateral wall of abdomen is from..

A

the ribs and xiphoid process (cartilages 7-10)

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22
Q

walls of the abdomen mainly consist of

A
  • skin
  • subcutanous tissue(superficial fascia)
  • muscles
  • aponerosis of musckes
  • deep fascia
  • parietal peritoneum
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23
Q

the skin is loosely attached the subcutaneous tissue except where?

A

except at the umbilicus

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24
Q

skin is tightly adheres to the..

A

umbilicus

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25
Q

what kind of pressure zone is the abdomen

A

it is a positive pressure zone so everything is always trying to escape

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26
Q

where is the most common site for herniation

A

inguinal wall

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27
Q

where is the major site for fat storage

A

the subcutaneous tissue

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28
Q

some areas in the stomach have fat even durring..

A

starvation

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29
Q

what is known as the sagging folds found in morbid obese people

A

panniculi

single form- panniculus or apron

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30
Q

the subcutaneous tissue inferior to the umbilicus has two layers what are they called?

A

superficial fatty layer
(Camper’s fascia)

deep membranous layer Scarpa Fascia

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31
Q

membranous layer ( scarpa fascia) is continous with what

A

colles fascia ( superifical perinal fascia)

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32
Q

where does the Scarpa Fascia ends where

A

2.5cm of innguinal lig

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33
Q

the scarpa fascia is not continuos with what

A

lata fascia

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34
Q

what fascia is tightly structured?

A

lata fascia

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35
Q

the investing fascia covers what

A

external aspects of the three muscle layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall

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36
Q

what is the internal aspect of the abdominal wall lined with

A

endoabdominal fascia ( has varying thickness)

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37
Q

investment means?

A

surrounding a structure like you are giving it a hug

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38
Q

different parts of fascia are named based on what

A

the apenorosis or muscle it is lining

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39
Q

what is the lining of the abdominal cavity called

A

the parietal peritoneum

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40
Q

why is extraperitoneal fat annoying for a surgeon

A

becuase it makes surgery difficult because you have to cut through it and the arteries can slip around overall making it a difficult procedure

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41
Q

where can potential fluid gather?

A

between the membranous layer of the subcutaneous tissue and the deep fascia

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42
Q

why can fluids not spread inferiorly into the thigh

A

because of the membranous layer fuses with the deep layer of the thigh (fascia lata)

43
Q

what is an

important part for surgery

A

fat filled space between the endoabdominal fascia

44
Q

the kidney’s and the lumbar vertebrae can be reached by

A

cutting through the endoabdominal fascia and accessing the extraperitonel fat

45
Q

by entering the fat in the abdominal wall during surgery you avoid what

A

contamination, because you do not enter the membranous peritoneal sac that contains the abdominal viscera

46
Q

the space between the transversalis fascia and the parietal peritoneum

A

the space of Bogros

47
Q

what is the space of Bogros used for

A

placing a prostheses for example when repairing inguinal hernias

48
Q

what are the three flat muscles in the abdomen

A
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transverse abdominal
49
Q

which muscles run from the side and are the deepest ones

A

the transverse abdominal muscles

50
Q

the three flat muscles are so strong why

A

because they fuse together

51
Q

the three flat muscles make a sheet like aponeruoses in the anterior portion, why is this important

A

because it is very strong as well as LIGHT!!

52
Q

what encloses the rectus abdominis muscle

A

the rectus sheath ( aponerous of three muscles)

53
Q

where is the linea alba?

A

in the middle of the abdomen, extending from the midclavicular line to the pubic symphysis

54
Q

the two vertical muscles un the abdomen wall that are under the rectus sheath are called?

A

rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

55
Q

where does the spinoumbilical line run

A

from umbilicus to the anterior superior illiac crest

56
Q

the inguinal ligament is continuos with what

A

the deep fascia of the thigh

57
Q

the inguinal ligament serves as what

A

a retaining band for the structures underneath of the thigh

fixes structures where they should be

58
Q

the internal oblique muscles has thoracolumbar fascia but what doesn’t

A

the external oblique muscles

59
Q

what are the long, broad, strap-like muscles

A

rectus abdominis

60
Q

what is the principle vertical muscle

A

rectus abdominis

61
Q

rectus abdominis are seperated by what

A

linea alba

62
Q

what is broad and thin superiorly and thick inferiorly

A

rectus abdominis

63
Q

what kind of hernia can happen in the rectus abdominis muscle that are closer to the top

A

epigastric hernia

64
Q

rectus abdomins are separated by

A

3 or more tendinous sheaths

65
Q

when tensed in muscular people the stretches of rectus abdominis muscle between the tendons do what

A

bulge out

66
Q

the pyramidalis is absent in how many people

A

20%

67
Q

what is the strong compartment of the abdomen that is made up of incomplete fibers that covers the rectus abdominis

A

rectus sheath

68
Q

external oblique contributes to what portion of the rectus sheath

A

the anterior wall

69
Q

what splits into two laminae that go anteriorly and posteriorly to the rectus abdominis

A

the internal oblique

70
Q

below umbilicus the rectus sheath stops making the wall what

A

deficient

71
Q

warm hands are important when palpating the abdominal wall why

A

because cold hands will make the muscles tense, causing spasm to occur

72
Q

intense guarding across things like the appendix when what is happening

A

when there is inflammation ( the aim is to isolate that portion)

73
Q

involuntary muscular spasms attempt to do what

A

protect the viscera from pressure

74
Q

what is the good postion for abdomen palpation

A

supine with knees and thighs semiflexed (enables relaxation)

75
Q

what two things that can make palpation of the abdomen difficult ( done by patient)

A

placing hands behind head and lying your thighs straight, this tightens the muscle

76
Q

what is the only protection that most of abdomen wall have

A

abdominal wall

77
Q

superficial ABDOMINAL reflex is elliceted how

A

by horizontally stroking the abdomen wall

78
Q

in what people will you might not feel contractions

A

obese people

79
Q

you cannot dissect things in what area

A

umbilical area (ring) all muscles are fused here so we avoid it

80
Q

why are prominent abdomen common in infants and children

A

because they have more air in there GI tract

81
Q

liver and spleen are big in who

A

infants and kids, causing prominent belly

82
Q

eversion of the umbilicus can be a sign of what

A

an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity ( pressure, can be tumor or the liver)

83
Q

organomegaly

A

organ enlargement
ex: like splenomegaly)

  • if you can palpate enlargement then it is pathological
84
Q

three places hernias are likley to happen

A
  • inguilanl (MAX) 90%
  • umbilical
  • epigastric
85
Q

what hernias are common in kids

A

umbilical (umbilical ring)

due to pressure, especially in low birth babies

86
Q

acquired umbilical hernias occur most in?

A

women and obese people

87
Q

usually what do you see in umbilical hernia

A

extra peritoneal fat

88
Q

line along which the fibers of abdomen aponeruoses is a good spot for

A

herniation

89
Q

gaps in aponeruouis can be …

A

congenital
or due to the stress of obese and aging people

ALSO SURGERY

90
Q

epigasttric hernia occurs where

A

between xiphoid and umbilicus

91
Q

spigelian hernias?

A

this happens where the muscles become aponeurotic

92
Q

spigelian hernia occur in who

A

people over 40 and obese people

93
Q

if the hernia is small then what? if big?

A

small- fat

big- might have intestine

94
Q

all nerves for the abdomen run how

A

anteriorinferiorly

95
Q

injury of abdomen nerve during surgery can cause

A

herniation and weakness of muscles

96
Q

planned incisions for abdomen should not be

A

vertical

97
Q

it is ideal to follow what when making incisions

A

Langer’s Lines

98
Q

high risk incisions include what

A
  • pararectus ( along lateral border of rectus sheath) and inguinal incisions
99
Q

incisions on pararectus is unadvised why

A

because you may cut the nerve supply

100
Q

during inguinal incisions to repair hernia you may harm the

A

ilioinguinal nerve

101
Q

incisional hernia

A

hernia due to incision ( protrusion or organ or omentum(fold of peritoneum)

102
Q

incisional hernia can result from

A

muscular and aponeurotic layers not healing properly

103
Q

factors that can lead to incisional hernia are

A
  • age
  • obesity
  • postoperative wound infection
104
Q

many abdominal procedures are performed how today?

A

endoscope

Anatomy BLOCK 2 (8 decks)

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