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Anatomy BLOCK 2 > Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest organ and gland in the body

A

the liver

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2
Q

what does the liver produce and secrete

A

bile

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3
Q

what does bile help to do

A

break down fat

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4
Q

the liver produces what two bile pigments

A

biliruben and biliverdin

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5
Q

what it a breakdown of hemoglobin

A

bilrubin and bilverdin

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6
Q

how does the liver detoxify

A

it filters the blood to remove bacteria and foreign particles

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7
Q

how does the liver store carbohydrates

A

as glycogen

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8
Q

what is a breakdown of glycogen

A

glucose

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9
Q

what is gylcogen in solid form

A

glucosw

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10
Q

what produces and stores lipids

A

the liver, stores them as triglycerides

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11
Q

blood coagulants are also created in where

A

the liver

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12
Q

anticoagulants do what

A

destroy blood clots

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13
Q

the liver is divided into what kind of lobes

A
  • 2 topographical

- 2 accessory

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14
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver

A
  • caudate
  • quadrate
  • left
  • right
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15
Q

which lobes are not true lobes and are only secondarily related to the liver

A
  • caudate

- quadrate

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16
Q

what are the segments of the right lobe of the liver

A

anterior and posterior

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17
Q

what are the segments of the left lobe

A

medial and lateral

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18
Q

what is the medial superior segment of the liver

A

caudate

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19
Q

what is the medial inferior segment of the liver

A

quadrate

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20
Q

what can be considered a third liver

A

caudate lobe

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21
Q

why is the caudate lobe considered the 3rd liver

A

because it is independently vascularized

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22
Q

what joins to form the common hepatic duct

A

right and left hepatic ducts

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23
Q

what does the cystic duct unite with to form the bile duct

A

the common hepatic duct

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24
Q

bile accumulates where during meals

A

in the gallbladder

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25
Q

what are the three surfaces of the liver

A
  • diaphragmatic surface
  • visceral surface
  • inferior border
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26
Q

what separates the subphrenic recess into right and left parts

A

the falciform liagment

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27
Q

what is the space that is directly under the liver called

A

subhepatic space

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28
Q

what is between the right of the visceral surface of the liver and the right kidney

A

hepatorenal recess

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29
Q

what is the lowest gravity dependent part of the peritoneal cavity in the supine position

A

the hepatorenal recess

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30
Q

fluid and cells accumulate where due to it being the lowest gravitational area

A

hepatorenal recess

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31
Q

the subphrenic recess is a common site for what?

A

collection of pus

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32
Q

why are subphrenic abscess more common on the right side?

A

because there is a frequency of the appendix rupturing, and duodenal ucers

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33
Q

how is a subphrenic abscess usually drained?

A

by an incision inferior to or through the bed of the 12th rib

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34
Q

where is the bare area on the liver

A

on the posterior portion

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35
Q

where is the liver not covered with peritoneum

A
  • fossa of gallbladder

- porta hepatis

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36
Q

what fissure of the liver is located between the caudate lobe and teh lateral portion of the left lobe

A

ligamentum venosum

37
Q

what fissure is located between the left lateral lobe and the quadrate lobe

A

the round ligament

38
Q

what is located between e quadrate lobe and the major part of the right lobe

A

fossa of the gall bladder

39
Q

what fissure is located between the caudate lobe and the major part of the right lobe

A

right sagital fissure

40
Q

what is the transverse fissure on the visceral surface of the liver between quadrate and caudate lobes

A

porta hepatis

41
Q

what did the round ligament of the liver used to be

A

the umbilical vein

42
Q

which ligaments inclose the bare area

A

the right and left triangular ligaments

43
Q

what is the anterior layer of the coronary ligament

A

falciform ligament

44
Q

wat used to be very important for nutrition in vitro

A

round ligamnet

45
Q

what two ligamenta make up the lesser omentum

A

-hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments

46
Q

the gastric and pyloric areas on the liver are where

A

right side of the anterior aspect of the stomach

47
Q

what is the hepatic artery a branch of

A

the celiac trunk

48
Q

what is it called when the liver cells are progressively destroyed and replaced by fatty and fibrous tissue

A

liver cirrhosis

49
Q

what is liver cirrhosis caused by

A
  • alcoholism
  • hepatitis B, C, and D
  • ingesting of posions
50
Q

what can destroy the liver

A

acetaminophen can destroy liver

51
Q

what increases blood pressure in the portal vein

A

liver cirrhosis

52
Q

how is a liver biopsy performed

A

needle puncture of the skin which goes through the right 8th or 9th intercostal space in the right midaxillary line. Use an ultrasound

53
Q

who tend to have angionas more

A

women, due to birth control and hormone pills

54
Q

where is bile produced continuously

A

by the liver

55
Q

where does the gallbladder release bile

A

when fat enters the duodenum

56
Q

what secretes bile into the bile canaliculi

A

hepatocytes

57
Q

what forms from the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct

A

common bile duct

58
Q

what is the length of the bile duct

A

5-15 cm

59
Q

what are the arteries that supply bile duct

A
  • cystic artery
  • right hepatic artery
  • posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • gastrorudenal arter
60
Q

cystc lymph nodes that are on the bile duct are a good way to spread what

A

cancer

61
Q

What are the three areas of lymph that supply the bile duct

A
  • cystic lymph nodes ( near the neck of the gallbladder)
  • node of omental foramen
  • hepatic lymph nodes
62
Q

where is the gallbladder located

A

right 9th costal cartilage and the lateral border of the rectus abdominis

63
Q

how much bile can the gallbladder hold

A

30-50 ml of bile

64
Q

what two things is the gallbladder in contact wth

A

the duodenum and the transverse colon

65
Q

where is the fundus of the gallbladder

A

at the tip of the right ninth costal cartilage. contacts the transverse colon

66
Q

what part of the gallbladder rest on the upper part of the duodenum and the transverse colon

A

the body

67
Q

what gives rise t the cystic duct with spiral valves (Heister’s valves)

A

the neck of the gallbladder

68
Q

the cystic duct serves as what to the gall bladder with its spiral shape

A

cystic duct of the gallbladder

69
Q

what hormone is produced by the duodenal mucosa that is responsible for making the gallbladder contract?

A

cholecystokinin

70
Q

where does gallbladder get arterial supply from

A

the cystic artery

71
Q

what is the cystic duct a branch of

A

the right hepatic artery

72
Q

what is the abnormal pouch also called Hartmann’s pouch?

A

the ampulla of the gallbladder

73
Q

where is it common to find gall stones

A

Hartmanns pouch (ampulla of the gallbladder)

74
Q

gallstones usually collect where

A

in the infundibulm

75
Q

gallbladders that have a short mesententery are subject to what

A

vascular torsion and infarction ( lack of blood supply from veins and arteries)

76
Q

what makes surgery of the gallbladder hard

A

the fact that there can be many hepatic ducts

77
Q

3 main types of gallstones

A
  • cholesterol stone
  • pigment stone
  • brown stones
78
Q

which gall stones are usually seen in obese peopel and are found alot in western countries

A

yellow, cholesterol stones

79
Q

what gallstones are black in color and are related to bilirubin calcium salts

A

pigment stones

80
Q

which gall stones are brown and are due to bacteria or parasites

A

brown stones

81
Q

how do cholecystenteric fistulas happen

A

when part of the gallbladder is inflammed and it adheres to viscera around it, then the adhesion ulcerates causing a fistula

82
Q

what is gallstone ileus?

A

when a gallstone passes from gallbladder to the small intestine producing a bowel obstruction

83
Q

the pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ except what part?

A

the tail

84
Q

what are the functions of the pancreas?

A
  • exocrine secretion (pancreatic juice)

- endocrine secreation(produces insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)

85
Q

3 hormones that the pancreas secreates

A

insulin
glucogen
somatostatin

86
Q

what are the two ducts of the pancreas

A
  • Duct of wirsung

- Duct of Santorini

87
Q

arterial supply for pancreas starts where

A

celiac trunk

88
Q

what accounts for most cases of extra-hepatic obstruction of the billiary ducts

A

cancer that involves the pancreatic head

89
Q

when can obstructive jaundice happen

A

when there is cancer in the head of the pancreas and it obstructs the bile duct causing there to be a retention of bile pigments and it enlarges the gall bladder

Anatomy BLOCK 2 (8 decks)

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