Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Flashcards
what is the largest organ and gland in the body
the liver
what does the liver produce and secrete
bile
what does bile help to do
break down fat
the liver produces what two bile pigments
biliruben and biliverdin
what it a breakdown of hemoglobin
bilrubin and bilverdin
how does the liver detoxify
it filters the blood to remove bacteria and foreign particles
how does the liver store carbohydrates
as glycogen
what is a breakdown of glycogen
glucose
what is gylcogen in solid form
glucosw
what produces and stores lipids
the liver, stores them as triglycerides
blood coagulants are also created in where
the liver
anticoagulants do what
destroy blood clots
the liver is divided into what kind of lobes
- 2 topographical
- 2 accessory
what are the four lobes of the liver
- caudate
- quadrate
- left
- right
which lobes are not true lobes and are only secondarily related to the liver
- caudate
- quadrate
what are the segments of the right lobe of the liver
anterior and posterior
what are the segments of the left lobe
medial and lateral
what is the medial superior segment of the liver
caudate
what is the medial inferior segment of the liver
quadrate
what can be considered a third liver
caudate lobe
why is the caudate lobe considered the 3rd liver
because it is independently vascularized
what joins to form the common hepatic duct
right and left hepatic ducts
what does the cystic duct unite with to form the bile duct
the common hepatic duct
bile accumulates where during meals
in the gallbladder
what are the three surfaces of the liver
- diaphragmatic surface
- visceral surface
- inferior border
what separates the subphrenic recess into right and left parts
the falciform liagment
what is the space that is directly under the liver called
subhepatic space
what is between the right of the visceral surface of the liver and the right kidney
hepatorenal recess
what is the lowest gravity dependent part of the peritoneal cavity in the supine position
the hepatorenal recess
fluid and cells accumulate where due to it being the lowest gravitational area
hepatorenal recess
the subphrenic recess is a common site for what?
collection of pus
why are subphrenic abscess more common on the right side?
because there is a frequency of the appendix rupturing, and duodenal ucers
how is a subphrenic abscess usually drained?
by an incision inferior to or through the bed of the 12th rib
where is the bare area on the liver
on the posterior portion
where is the liver not covered with peritoneum
- fossa of gallbladder
- porta hepatis
what fissure of the liver is located between the caudate lobe and teh lateral portion of the left lobe
ligamentum venosum
what fissure is located between the left lateral lobe and the quadrate lobe
the round ligament
what is located between e quadrate lobe and the major part of the right lobe
fossa of the gall bladder
what fissure is located between the caudate lobe and the major part of the right lobe
right sagital fissure
what is the transverse fissure on the visceral surface of the liver between quadrate and caudate lobes
porta hepatis
what did the round ligament of the liver used to be
the umbilical vein
which ligaments inclose the bare area
the right and left triangular ligaments
what is the anterior layer of the coronary ligament
falciform ligament
wat used to be very important for nutrition in vitro
round ligamnet
what two ligamenta make up the lesser omentum
-hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments
the gastric and pyloric areas on the liver are where
right side of the anterior aspect of the stomach
what is the hepatic artery a branch of
the celiac trunk
what is it called when the liver cells are progressively destroyed and replaced by fatty and fibrous tissue
liver cirrhosis
what is liver cirrhosis caused by
- alcoholism
- hepatitis B, C, and D
- ingesting of posions
what can destroy the liver
acetaminophen can destroy liver
what increases blood pressure in the portal vein
liver cirrhosis
how is a liver biopsy performed
needle puncture of the skin which goes through the right 8th or 9th intercostal space in the right midaxillary line. Use an ultrasound
who tend to have angionas more
women, due to birth control and hormone pills
where is bile produced continuously
by the liver
where does the gallbladder release bile
when fat enters the duodenum
what secretes bile into the bile canaliculi
hepatocytes
what forms from the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
common bile duct
what is the length of the bile duct
5-15 cm
what are the arteries that supply bile duct
- cystic artery
- right hepatic artery
- posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
- gastrorudenal arter
cystc lymph nodes that are on the bile duct are a good way to spread what
cancer
What are the three areas of lymph that supply the bile duct
- cystic lymph nodes ( near the neck of the gallbladder)
- node of omental foramen
- hepatic lymph nodes
where is the gallbladder located
right 9th costal cartilage and the lateral border of the rectus abdominis
how much bile can the gallbladder hold
30-50 ml of bile
what two things is the gallbladder in contact wth
the duodenum and the transverse colon
where is the fundus of the gallbladder
at the tip of the right ninth costal cartilage. contacts the transverse colon
what part of the gallbladder rest on the upper part of the duodenum and the transverse colon
the body
what gives rise t the cystic duct with spiral valves (Heister’s valves)
the neck of the gallbladder
the cystic duct serves as what to the gall bladder with its spiral shape
cystic duct of the gallbladder
what hormone is produced by the duodenal mucosa that is responsible for making the gallbladder contract?
cholecystokinin
where does gallbladder get arterial supply from
the cystic artery
what is the cystic duct a branch of
the right hepatic artery
what is the abnormal pouch also called Hartmann’s pouch?
the ampulla of the gallbladder
where is it common to find gall stones
Hartmanns pouch (ampulla of the gallbladder)
gallstones usually collect where
in the infundibulm
gallbladders that have a short mesententery are subject to what
vascular torsion and infarction ( lack of blood supply from veins and arteries)
what makes surgery of the gallbladder hard
the fact that there can be many hepatic ducts
3 main types of gallstones
- cholesterol stone
- pigment stone
- brown stones
which gall stones are usually seen in obese peopel and are found alot in western countries
yellow, cholesterol stones
what gallstones are black in color and are related to bilirubin calcium salts
pigment stones
which gall stones are brown and are due to bacteria or parasites
brown stones
how do cholecystenteric fistulas happen
when part of the gallbladder is inflammed and it adheres to viscera around it, then the adhesion ulcerates causing a fistula
what is gallstone ileus?
when a gallstone passes from gallbladder to the small intestine producing a bowel obstruction
the pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ except what part?
the tail
what are the functions of the pancreas?
- exocrine secretion (pancreatic juice)
- endocrine secreation(produces insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)
3 hormones that the pancreas secreates
insulin
glucogen
somatostatin
what are the two ducts of the pancreas
- Duct of wirsung
- Duct of Santorini
arterial supply for pancreas starts where
celiac trunk
what accounts for most cases of extra-hepatic obstruction of the billiary ducts
cancer that involves the pancreatic head
when can obstructive jaundice happen
when there is cancer in the head of the pancreas and it obstructs the bile duct causing there to be a retention of bile pigments and it enlarges the gall bladder
