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Neurology > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Nerves (cranial and spinal) Ganglia Outside of the spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 2 major modalities of the PNS?

A

Somatic Autonomic

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3
Q

What carries information towards the CNS?

A

Sensory (afferent) nerves

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4
Q

What carries information away from the CNS?

A

Motor (efferent) nerves

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5
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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6
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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7
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Area where a number of nerve fibres enter and exit under different named nerves Network of interconnecting nerves

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8
Q

What is the function of somatic afferent nerves?

A

Convey information from skin, skeletal muscle and joints

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9
Q

What is the function of somatic efferent nerves?

A

Convey information to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve

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11
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

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12
Q

What in the function of visceral afferent nerves?

A

Carry information from the viscera

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13
Q

What is the viscera comprised of?

A

Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs

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14
Q

What can visceral efferent nerves divided into?

A

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What is the function of sympathetic efferent nerves?

A

Innervate the viscera and periphery

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16
Q

What is the periphery comprised of?

A

Vasculature and sweat glands

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17
Q

What is the function of parasympathetic efferent nerves?

A

Innervate the viscera only

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18
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

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19
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Collection of cell bodies inside the CNS

20
Q

Where of afferent fibres have their cell bodies?

A

In spinal ganglia

21
Q

Where fo Visceral efferent nerves synapse?

A

In the periphery ganglion

22
Q

How are peripheral nerves arranged?

A

In fasciculi (bundles)

23
Q

What are the layers of connective tissue of a spinal nerve?

A

External vascular layer- epineurium Individual fascicles covered in -perineurium Individual axons covered in- endometrium

24
Q

How are peripheral nerves classified?

A

Two systems 1. Conduction velocity A,B,C with A the fastest 2. Axonal diameter (sensory only) I-IV with I the largest

25
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

Detect external or internal infomation

26
Q

How can sensory receptors be classified?

A

Source of stimulus Mode of detection

27
Q

How are sensory receptors further classified under source of stimulus?

A

External - Exteroceptors (pain, temperature, touch and pressure) Internal - Proprioceptors (movement and joint position) - Enteroceptors (movement through gut and blood pH)

28
Q

How are sensory receptors further classified under mode of detection?

A

Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptros Nociceptros

29
Q

What is the function of proprioceptors?

A

Muscle spindles: Detect changes in muscle length Gogli tendon organs: Detect changes in tension in tendons Joint receptors: Detect start and end of movement

30
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Specialised synapse between a motor neurone and muscle fibre

31
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Single lower motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres it goes to No muscle fibre is innervated by more than one nerve

32
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Involuntary coordinated pattern of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli

33
Q

What is the function of visceral sensory nerves?

A

Relay sensory information from the core Pain, fullness, blood pressure T1-L2, S2-S4 and cranial nerves IX and X

34
Q

What is the function of visceral motor nerves?

A

Outflow to core and body wall Controls pupil, sweat glands, salivary glands, heart muscle and airways Thoracolumbar (T1-L2) Craniosacral outflow (nerves III, VII, IX and X)

35
Q

Where do nerves going to the viscera synapse?

A

On the aorta No synapse in sympathetic trunk

36
Q

What is the branch that connects the spinal cord to other parts of the body?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

37
Q

Label parts A-D

A

A- Dorsal root
B- Dorsal root ganglion
C- Plexus
D- Ventral root

38
Q

What must happen for all sensation from a body part to be lost?

A

Multiple nerves innervate an area

All the nerves supplying a region must be damaged

39
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A localised area of skin that is has its sensation via a single nerve from a single nerve root of the spinal cord

40
Q

Genrally, how many nerve innervate a muscle ?

A

2-3 but varies

41
Q

Give the medical terms for injuries that cause lesions at each of the indicated points

A

V and W: Strain injury or Prolapse disc
Y and Z: Trauma or Peripheral neuropathy
X- Trauma

42
Q

What would each of the lesions result in?

A

V: Loss of sensation

W: Muscle weakness

X: Loss of sensation and Muscle weakness

Y: Complete loss of sensation

Z: Complete loss of movement

43
Q

What is Sciatica?

A

Lumbar spinal radiculopathy

44
Q

What can cause Scaitica?

A

Nerve compression
Prolapsed disc
Damage to vertebrae
Arthritis

Piriformis syndrome

45
Q

How do you diagnose Sciatica?

A

Stretch-raise test

If there is pain explore further

46
Q

How is Sciatica treated?

A

Analgesic medication e.g. Ibruprofen
Physiotherapy
Epidural injection to the sacral portion of the spine
If it exacerbates, decompression surgery

Disectomy to repostion the disc

Neurology (19 decks)

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