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Neurology > Cells of the nervous system > Flashcards

Cells of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functional regions of the brain?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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2
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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3
Q

What are neurons?

A

Main functional cells of the nervous system

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4
Q

What is the most basic type of neural cell?

A

Unipolar neural cell

Only one axonal projection

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5
Q

What is the second type of neural cell?

A

Pseudo-unipolar

Single axonial projection that divides into two

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6
Q

What is the third type of neural cells?

A

Bipolar

One axon but two projections from body

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7
Q

What is the fourth type of neural cells?

A

Multipolar
Numerous projections from cells body
e.g. pyramidal cells, purkinje cells

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8
Q

What are the 4 different types of neural cells?

A

Unipolar
Pseudo-unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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9
Q

What’s the deal with neurons?

A

Excitable cells of CNS
Heterogenous morphology
Non-dividing cells
Share common features

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10
Q

What’s the deal with neurons?

A 
Excitable cells of CNS
Responsible for electrical transmission
Heterogenous morphology
Non-dividing cells 
Share common features
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11
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

Contains nucleus and ribosomes

Neurofilaments for structure and transport

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12
Q

What’s the deal with the axon?

A

Long nerve fibre that originates from soma at axon hillock
Can branch off into collaterals
Usually covered in myelin

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13
Q

What is an astrocyte?

A

Most abundant cells in CNS

Avle to proliferate

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14
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Structural cell: holds neurones in place and created the blood-brain barrier

Cell repair: Synthesise neurotrophic factors

Homes

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15
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Structural cell: holds neurones in place and created the blood-brain barrier

Cell repair: Synthesise neurotrophic factors

Homeostasis: Neurotransmitter removal and reuptake

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16
Q

What is an oligodendrocyte?

A

Cell that produces myelin
Numerous projections
One oligodendrocyte myelinated many axons

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17
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Produce myelin fo peripheral nerves

One Schwann cells myelinated one axon segment

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18
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

Specialised cells similar to macrophages

Perform immune functions

19
Q

What are ependyma cells?

A

Epithelial cells lining the ventricles

20
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglia cells?

A

Astroccytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependyma

21
Q

What are the 4 main physiological ions?

A

Potassium
Sodium
Chloride
Calcium

22
Q

What is RMP?

A

Resting membrane potential

23
Q

How can ions move through the membrane?

A

Channels and proteins

24
Q

Which ions have a high extracellular concentrations?

A

Na+

Cl-

25
Q

Which ions have a high extracellular concentrations in CNS?

A

Na+

Cl-

26
Q

Which ions have a high intracellular concentrations in CNS?

A

K+

27
Q

What is the RMP of neuronal cells?

A

/

28
Q

What is the RMP of neuronal cells?

A

-40mv to -90mv

29
Q

How is an action potential generated?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ are closed
Membrane depolarised: VGCS open, Na+ influx causes further depolarisation
VGKS open at a slower rate and causes efflux of K+ causes membrane repolarisation

30
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

AP jumps between nodes of ranvier

31
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?

A

Small gaps of myelin intermittently along axon

32
Q

What are the main events at a synapse?

A 
Propagation of action potential
AP opens voltage gated calcium channels
Neurotransmitter release from vesicles 
Neurotransmitter acts on post-synaptic membrane 
Activation of postsynaptic receptors?
33
Q

What are the three types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic

34
Q

What are axodendritic synapses?

A

Connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal dendrite

35
Q

What are axosomatic synapses?

A

Connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal soma

36
Q

What are axoaxonic synpases?

A

Connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal axon

37
Q

Define neuromuscular junction

A

Specialised structure incorporating axon terminal and muscle membrane allowing unidirectional chemical communication between peripheral nerve and muscle

38
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A 
Action potential propagated along axon 
Ca2+ entry 
ACh release into synapse
ACh binds ti receptors of sarcolemma
Change in end-plate potential
39
Q

What’s the deal with the sarcolemma?

A

Skeletal muscle membrane
T-tubules continuous with sarcolemma and closely connected to sarcoplasmic reticulum
AP travel through T-tubules

40
Q

What’s the deal with the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Location: Surrounds myofibrils
Function: Ca2+ storage and release following sarcolemma depolarisation
Effect: Ca2+ causes myofibril and muscle contraction

41
Q

Name three disorder of the neuromuscular junction

A

Botulism
Myasthenia Gravis
Lamber-Eaton myasthenia syndrome

42
Q

How is Botulism caused?

A

Botulinum toxin irreversibly disrupts stimulation induced ACh release from presynaptic nerve terminal

43
Q

How is MG caused?

A

Autoimmune disorder
Antibodies block ACh receptor
Causes fatigable weakness

44
Q

How is Lamber-Eaton myasthenia syndrome caused?

A

Autoimmune disorder
Antibodies directed against VGCC
Prevents calcium entry

Neurology (19 decks)

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