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Neurology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

Cerebrum Cerebellum Brainstem Spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the brain comprised of?

A

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

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3
Q

What is the forebrain comprised of?

A

Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon

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4
Q

What is the hindbrain comprised of?

A

Pons Medulla Cerebellum

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5
Q

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

A

Thalamus Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions e.g. planning, attention and memory

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7
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation (touch, pain) Sensory aspects of language Spatial orientation Self-perception

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8
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information

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9
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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10
Q

What divides the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Central Sulcus

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11
Q

What is the limbic lobe comprised of?

A

Amygdala Hippocampus Mamillary body Cingulate gyrus

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12
Q

What is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A

Learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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13
Q

Where is the insular cortex found?

A

Deep within lateral fissure

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14
Q

What is the insular cortex concerned with?

A

Visceral sensations Autonomic control Interoception Auditory processing Visual vestibular integration

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura Arachnoid Pia mater

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16
Q

What is the dura comprised of?

A

2 layers Periosteal- layer of periosteum Meningeal- durable, dense fibrous membrane

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17
Q

What is the arachnoid comprised of?

A

Thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

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18
Q

What is the Pia comprised of?

A

Thin, transluscent and mesh like

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19
Q

Where is the Cerebrospinal fluid found?

A

Sub-arachnoid space Ventricular system

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20
Q

Where is the Cerebrospinal fluid made?

A

Choroid plexus of lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles

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21
Q

How much Cerebrospinal fluid is made a day?

A

125ml and 500ml

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22
Q

Where is the CSF absorbed into?

A

Into bloodstream via arachnoid villi and superior sagittal sinus

23
Q

How is CSF different to plasma?

A

Lower pH (7.33) Less glucose Far less protein Less potassium

24
Q

What is the. spinal cord comprised of?

A

Segments each gives rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves

25
Q

What are the different segments of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical (8) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccygeal (1)

26
Q

What do nerves emerge through?

A

Intervertebral foramina

27
Q

How does the relationship between nerves and foramina change between cervical and thoracic regions?

A

C1-C7 emerge above vertebrae C8-Co1 emerge below vertebrae

28
Q

Label the diagram with the following:

Dorsal horn

Dorsal rootlets

Dorsal Root

Ventral root

Ventral rootlets

White matter

Grey matter

Mixed spinal nerve

Ventral horn

A
29
Q

What is the major pathway for voluntary movement (descending)?

A

Corticospinal tract

30
Q

What is the corticospinal tract comprised of?

A

Upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex

Lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord

Descending (motor)

Crosses at medulla

31
Q

What are the main ascending pathways for sensation?

A

Dorsal column pathway

Spinothalamic tract

32
Q

What is the function of the dorsal column pathway?

A

Fine touch

Vibration

Proprioception

All from skin and joints

33
Q

What is the function of the spinothalamic pathway?

A

Pain

Temperature

From the skin

(sensory)

Crosses at bottom of spinal cord

34
Q

Where are the two spinal cord enlargements?

A

Cervical enlargement- innervation of upper limbs

Lumbar enlargement- innervation of lower limbs

35
Q

In the simplest of cases how many neurons are there?

A

2

Upper motor neuron in brain

Lower motor neuron in spinal cord

36
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

Go to the other side

Approx. 85% of fibres decussate in the medulla

37
Q

What is the pathway of the corticobulbar tract?

A

From the cortex to brainstem to facial muscles

38
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

Somatotopy is the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system

39
Q

Where do tracts synapse?

A

In the medulla

40
Q

What is the doral column pathway?

A

Fibres enter via the dorsal horn

Enter the ascending dorsal column pathways

Information conveyed from lower limbs and body (below T6)

Travels ipsilaterally along the gracile tract

Information conveyed from upperlimbs and body (above T6)

Travel ipsilaterally along cuneate tract

41
Q

Where is the first synapse of the gracile tract?

A

Gracile nucleus

42
Q

Where is the first synapse of the cuneate tract?

A

Cuneate nucleus

43
Q

Where fdo second order axons decussate?

A

In the caudal medulla

Form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract

Synpase in the thalamus

44
Q

Where fo 3rd order neurons from the thalamus project?

A

Somatosensory cortex?

45
Q

What is the size of the somatotopic area is proportional to?

A

Density of sensory receptors in that body region

46
Q

Where do pain and temperarue sensations ascend within?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

47
Q

Where does crude touch ascend within?

A

Anterior spinothalamic tract

48
Q

Where do primary affernet axons terminate?

A

Upon entering the spinal cord

Second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cors and for the spinothalmic tract

49
Q

Where do 2nd order neurons terminate?

A

The Thalmus

50
Q

Where do 3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to?

A

Somatosensory cortex

51
Q

In general, where in the brain is the motor cortex?

A

Front of brain

52
Q

In general, where is the sensory cortex of the brain?

A

Towards the back of the brain

53
Q

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

is a rare neurological condition characterized by a lesion in the spinal cord which results in weakness or paralysis on one side of the body and a loss of sensation on the opposite side

Neurology (19 decks)

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