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neuro lectures > peripheral nervous system > Flashcards

peripheral nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

do PNS neurones transmit signals better than CNS or worse

A

Neurones of the PNS transmit signals better than the CNS and receptors and
effectors in all other parts of the body

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2
Q

what fibres can peripheral nerves contain

A

can contain nerve fibres that are the axons of
- efferent neurones (motor)
- afferent neurones (sensory)
- both

so fibres in a nerve can be classified as belonging to the efferent or afferent branch of the PNS

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3
Q

what do efferent neurones refer to

A

motor

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4
Q

what do afferent neurones refer to

A

sensory

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5
Q

which fibres do all of the spinal nerves contain

A

all of the spinal nerves contain both the efferent and afferent branches

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6
Q

which fibres do cranial nerves contain

A

some cranial nerves contain only afferent fibres (optic nerve) or only efferent fibres (hypoglossal nerve)

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7
Q

function of afferent neurones

A

convey information from sensory receptors at their peripheral ending to the CNS

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8
Q

where is axon of afferent neurones

A

lhe long part of their axon lies OUTSIDE of the CNS and is part of the PNS

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9
Q

why are afferent neurones sometimes called first order neurones

A

because they are the first cells
entering the CNS in the synaptically linked chains of neurones that handle
incoming information

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10
Q

function of efferent neurones

A

carry signals out from the CNS to muscles, glands and other tissues

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11
Q

what is the efferent dividion of the PNS made of

A

somatic nervous system (voluntary)
and
the autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

what does somatic nervous system innervate

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

what does somatic nervous system consist of

A

a single neurone between the CNS and skeletal muscle cells

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14
Q

can somatic nervous system lead to muscle inhibition

A

no
it can only lead to muscle excitation

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15
Q

is somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary - conscious of its actions

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16
Q

where are cell bodies of somatic cell neurones

A

located in groups in the brainstem or the ventral horn of the spinal cord

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17
Q

describe axons of somatic nervous system neruones

A

have large-diameter myelinated axons which leave the CNS and pass without ANY SYNAPSE directly to the skeletal muscle cells

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18
Q

why are somatic neurones called motor neurones

A

because their activity results in contraction of the innervated skeletal muscles cells

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19
Q

what is the only neurotransmitter involved in somatic nervous system

A

acetylcholine
ACh

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20
Q

function of autonomic nervous system

A

Innervate smooth & cardiac muscle, glands, neurones in the GI tract
(enteric nervous system) and other tissues

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21
Q

how many neurones in autonomic nervous system

A

Has a two-neurone chain (connected by
synapse) between the CNS and the
effector organ

22
Q

where is the first autonomic neurone

A

The first neurone has its cell body IN the CNS

The synapse between the neurones is outside the CNS in a cell cluster
called an autonomic ganglion

23
Q

what are preganglionic neurones

A

the neurones passing between the CNS and the ganglia

24
Q

what are postganglionic neurones

A

the neurones passing between the ganglia and the effector cells

25
Q

are autonomic neurones excitatory or inhibitory

A

can be either

26
Q

is autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary
functions without conscious awareness

27
Q

which neurotransmitter is used before ganglion in autonomic system

A

Acetyl-choline (ACh)

28
Q

which neurotransmitter is used after ganglion in autonomic system

A

either
acetylcholine (excitatory)
or
noradrenaline (inhibitory

29
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into

A

sympathetic division
parasympathetic division

30
Q

what is sympathetic division

A

fight or flight

31
Q

where do sympathetic neurones leave the CNS

A

from the thoracic & lumbar regions (T1 - L2) of the spinal cord

32
Q

what are the sympathetic trunks

A

Most of the ganglia lie close to the spinal cord and form two chains of ganglia - one on each side of the cord - known as the SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS

33
Q

which neurotransmitter used in preganglionic synapse in sympathetic nervous system

A

sses acetyl-choline (ACh) at preganglionic synapse where there are nicotinic receptors

34
Q

which neurotransmitter used in effector cell synapse in sympathetic nervous system

A

noradrenaline is used where there are adrenergic receptors (of which there are 5 subtypes)

35
Q

what do pre ganglionic fibres form

A

the lateral grey horn

36
Q

what does sympathetic nervous system supply

A

Supplies visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions

37
Q

is there more ganglia in sympathetic or parasympathetic division

A

sympathetic

38
Q

how are the effects of sympathetic nervous system amplified

A

by the adrenal glands (FORMED BY THE
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION) which in turn release adrenaline directly into the blood resulting in a high blood pressure & heart rate

39
Q

impacts of sympathetic nervous system (8)

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases force of contractions in the heart
  • Vasoconstriction
  • BronchoDILATION
  • Reduces gastric motility
  • Sphincter contraction
  • DECREASED gastric secretions
  • Male ejaculation
40
Q

where do parasympathetic fibres leave CNS

A

from the brainstem & sacral portion of the spinal cord

41
Q

what is cranial outflow

A

provides parasympathetic innervation to the organs of the head, neck, thorax & abdomen

comes from the brain

42
Q

which nerves involved in cranial outflow

A
  • Preganglionic fibres run via; oculomotor nerve CN3 - to pupil,
    facial nerve CN7 - to salivary glands, glossopharyngeal nerve
    CN9 - for swallowing reflex & via the vagus nerve CN10 - to
    thorax & abdomen - remember by 1973
  • Cell bodies are located in cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem
43
Q

what is sacral outflow

A

supplies the remaining abdominal and pelvic organs

44
Q

describe location of ganglia in parasympathetic division

A

ganglia lie within/very close to the organs that the postganglionic
neurones innervate

45
Q

which neurotransmitter is used at preganglionic synapse in parasympathetic division

A

Uses acetyl-choline (ACh) at the
preganglionic neurone synapse where there are nicotinic receptors

46
Q

which neurotransmitter is used at effector cell synapse in parasympathetic division

A

Uses acetyl-choline (ACh) at the effector cell synapse where there
are muscarinic receptors

47
Q

impacts of parasympathetic nervous system (8)

A
  • Decreases heart rate
  • Decrease force of contraction
  • Vasodilation
  • BronchoCONSTRICTION
  • Increases gastric motility
  • Sphincter relaxation
  • INCREASED gastric secretions
  • Male erection
48
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

nervous system of the GI tract
can operate independently of the autonomic nervous system

49
Q

what is easiest way to test CVS function of ANS

A

heart rate and blood pressure

50
Q

examples of non CVS ANS measurements (5)

A
  • pupillometry
  • sweat measurement
  • skin blood flow, thermoregulation
  • gastric acid secretion
  • sexual function

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