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neuro lectures > cranial nerves I - VI > Flashcards

cranial nerves I - VI Flashcards

1
Q

what are all 12 cranial nerves

A

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vagus
glossopharyngeal
vestibulocochlear
accessory
hypoglossol

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2
Q

what are the 3 functional types of sensory nerve fibre

A
  • somatic
  • special
  • autonomic
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3
Q

what are the 2 functional types of motor nerve fibre

A
  • somatic
  • autonomic
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4
Q

where is the somatic sensory system derived from

A

somites eg skin and muscle

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5
Q

what are special sensory fibres involved in

A

olfaction, visual, balance, taste, position & hearing

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6
Q

what are autonomic sensory fibres involved in

A

blood pressure, CO2 levels in blood, light coming into eye

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7
Q

where is the somatic motor system derived from

A

somites eg skin and muscle

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8
Q

what are autonomic motor fibres involved in

A

smooth muscle, cardiac, adrenal glands, focusing with eyes

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9
Q

what are collection of cell bodies in CNS calle

A

nuclei

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10
Q

what are collection of cell bodies in the PNS called

A

ganglia

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11
Q

how many cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
head and neck

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12
Q

how many spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

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13
Q

what is pns

A

nervous system outside the cns

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14
Q

what are most peripheral nerves attached to

A

the brain stem

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15
Q

what do cranial nerves do

A

carry sensory/motor/autonomic info between the brain and the head and neck
vagus nerve is the exception for this

contain different combinations of fibre types

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16
Q

which nerves have parasympathetic fibres

A

oculomotor (3)
facial (7)
glossopharyngeal (9)
vagus (10)

1973

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17
Q

what are higher cranial nerves closer to

A

the cerebrum

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18
Q

what are lower cranial nerves closer to

A

spinal cord

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19
Q

is there sympathetic fibres in the head and neck

A

yes but they’re not carried in cranial nerves

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20
Q

where are the nuclei for nerves III-XII

A

brain stem

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21
Q

what do cranial nerve nuclei do

A

either receive sensory / afferent input from the periphery or contain cells whose axons convey motor / efferent signals to the periphery

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22
Q

why do some nerves have 2 separate nuclei

A

because they have motor and sensory components
so they have a motor nucleus and a sensory nucleus

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23
Q

where do parasympathetic fibres arise from

A

from specific nuclei in the brain stem

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24
Q

where is olfactory nerve

A

attached to the brain , not the brain stem

comes through the cribriform plate and passes into the uncus of the temporal lobe

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25
Q

function of olfactory nerve

A

sense of smell

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26
Q

what is CNI

A

olfactory

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27
Q

receptors in olfactory nerve

A

nasal cavity

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28
Q

describe route of olfactory nerve

A

axons travel through the cribriform plate -> olfactory bulb -> tracts -> temporal lobe

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29
Q

what system does olfactory nerve have connections with

A

limbic system

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30
Q

is olfactory nerve sensory or motor

A

sensory

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31
Q

what causes damage to olfactory nerve

A

commonly damaged in fractures to the anterior cranial fossa

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32
Q

what is CNII

A

optic nerve

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33
Q

where is optic nerve

A

attached to the brain, not the brain stem

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34
Q

function of optic nerve

A

vision

35
Q

describe route of optic nerve

A

fibres travel from the retina to the primary visual cortex (cal carine sulcus, medial aspect of occipital lobe)

36
Q

how to test optic nerve

A
  1. visual acuity
  2. visual fields
  3. pupillary light reflex
  4. fundoscopy - little ophthalmic scope to look into eye
37
Q

how does the optic nerve enter the skull

A

through the optic canal

38
Q

how does the optic nerve join the opposite cranial nerve

A

within the optic chiasm

39
Q

what is eye chart called

A

smellen chart

40
Q

describe optic nerve fibres

A

fibres are closely related to the latter geniculate body

41
Q

what will a lesion affecting the left optic nerve do

A

cause total blindness in the left
eye

42
Q

what is normal pupillary light reflex

A

both pupils constrict when light is shone into either eye

43
Q

what are nerves III,IV,VI

A

all motor
control the extraocular muscles
pass through the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit

44
Q

is oculomotor sensory or motor

A

motor

45
Q

what is CNIII

A

oculomotor

46
Q

what does oculomotor nerve innervate (6)

A
  • Medial rectus
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Inferior oblique
  • Levator
  • Pupillary constrictors
47
Q

function of oculomotor

A

carries parasympathetic fibres into the orbit > constrict the pupil

Carries parasympathetic fibres from the Edinger-westphal nucleus in the
tegmentum to the ciliary muscles (accommodation) and sphincter
pupillary muscle (pupil constriction [PARASYMPATHETIC] to light/
accommodation)
- Thus pupil dilation is SYMPATHETIC

48
Q

parasympathetic functions of oculomotor nerve

A
  • Pupil constriction
  • Accommodation - focusing to near or far objects
  • Lacrimal gland
49
Q

what does oculomotor nerve run through

A

the cavernous sinus

50
Q

how does oculomotor nerve maintain open eyelid

A

using the Levator Palpebrae Superioris muscle

51
Q

where is nuclei of oculomotor

A

midbrain
nerves exit at the junction between the midbrain and pons
lose to posterior cerebral arteries

52
Q

what is the pupillary light relfex

A

an autonomic reflex that constricts the pupil in response to light, thereby adjusting the amount of light that reaches the retina

Pupillary constriction occurs via innervation of the iris sphincter muscle, which is controlled by the parasympathetic system

53
Q

how to carry out pupillary light reflex

A

shine light into one eye
ipsilateral pupil constricts - direct response
contralateral pupil constricts = consesnual response

54
Q

how to test oculomotor nerve

A
  • test eye movements
  • test pupillary light reflex
  • test LPS
55
Q

signs of lesion or problem with oculomotor nerve

A
  • ptosis
  • lateral deviation of the eye
  • dilated pupil that does not constrict
56
Q

what is CN IV

A

trochlear

57
Q

is trochlear nerve sensory or motor

A

motor

58
Q

what does trochlear nerve do

A

innervates Superior oblique ocular muscle

59
Q

what does trochlear nerve run through

A

cavernous sinus

60
Q

where is nuclei of trochlear

A

in midbrain

61
Q

what is paralysis of SO

A

diplopia on looking down (double vision)

62
Q

what is CNVI

A

abducens

63
Q

is abducens nerve sensory or motor

A

motor

64
Q

what does abducens innervates

A

lateral rectus ocular muscle

65
Q

where is nuclei of abducens

A

in the pons

66
Q

what is paralysis of LR or what does damage to abducens cause

A

medial deviation of the eye (unopposed action of medial rectum)

unable to abduct the eye on examination

67
Q

what is CNV

A

trigeminal

68
Q

is trigeminal sensory or motor

A

it is both

69
Q

what is trigeminal attached to

A

the pons

70
Q

what are the 3 branches of trigeminal

A

ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

71
Q

what do all 3 branches of trigeminal carry

A

sensory fibres - extensive distribution in the head

72
Q

what does ophthalmic innervates

A

v1
superior orbital fissure

exits through the superior orbital fissure - sensory from eye and upper face

73
Q

what does maxillary innervates

A

v2
foremen rotundum

exits through the foramen rotundum -

sensory innervation to mid1/3 of face

74
Q

what does mandibular innervate

A

v3
foremen ovale

exits through the foramen ovale - sensory & motor
(for mastication) - general sensation to anterior 2/3rds of tongue
and inside cheek

75
Q

where do trigeminal afferents meet

A

at meckels cave

76
Q

which fibres does mandibular division carry

A

carries motor fibres to the muscles of mastication

77
Q

what do branches of trigeminal carry in terms of sensory fibres

A

carry general sensation from the:

  • dura, face and scalp, cornea, nose and mouth
  • tongue - general sensation anterior 2/3

also carries proprioception from TMJ and muscles of mastification

78
Q

how to test trigeminal (4)

A

test general sensation over the face
compare left and right

test the corneal reflex

test muscles of the jaw

test jaw jerk (reflex - doesn’t require higher centres of the brain)

79
Q

what does injury to trigeminal nerve cause

A

anaesthesia over the sensory distribution of the nerve l
paralysis of the muscles of mastication

80
Q

what is trigeminal neuralgia

A

damage to sensory ganglion

results in: numb face and false input to the trigeminal nuclei resulting in spontaneous firing resulting in pain inside the face

  • sudden attacks
  • normally unilateral

triggers - usually light touch to the face or wind

cause unknown

treatment - carbamazepine first line ; surgery may be required

81
Q

what does trigeminal nerve run through

A

the cavernous sinus

82
Q

what does damage of trigeminal nerve result in

A

in the loss of the corneal (blink) reflex on the affected eye

83
Q

what is the corneal reflex

A

gently touching the cornea should result in blinking (contraction of orbicularis oculi)

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