neuro 1 Flashcards
1
Q
2 types of nervous system
A
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
2
Q
major divisions of CNS
A
brain & spinal cord
3
Q
what is brain also known as
A
encephalon
4
Q
3 units of the brain
A
- forebrain
- midbrain
- hindbrain
5
Q
where does the spinal cord attach to the brain
A
at the upper part of the hindbrain
6
Q
what 2 parts make up the forebrain
A
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
7
Q
what is forebrain also known as
A
prosencephalon
8
Q
what is hindbrain also known as
A
rhombencephalon
9
Q
what is midbrain also known as
A
mesencephalon
10
Q
what is coronal plane
A
vertical/frontal - parallel with coronal suture of skull
11
Q
what is saggital plane
A
parallel with the sagittal suture
12
Q
what is ipsilateral
A
same side
13
Q
what is contralateral
A
opposite side
14
Q
what is medial
A
towards midline
15
Q
what is median
A
at midline
16
Q
what is lateral
A
away from midline
17
Q
what is rostral
A
towards the nose (anterior)
18
Q
what is caudal
A
towards tail (posterior)
19
Q
what is dorsal in the brainstem and cord
A
posterior
20
Q
what is ventral in the brainstem and cord
A
anterior
21
Q
what is dorsal in cerebrum
A
superior
22
Q
what is ventral in cerebrum
A
inferior
23
Q
what is a sulsus (sulsi)
A
a groove in the cerebral cortex
24
Q
what is a gyrus (gyri)
A
a ridge on the surface of the brain
25
what are the 4 lobes of the brain
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
26
functions of frontal lobe (3)
1. Voluntary movement on opposite side of body
2. Frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere controls speech (Broca’s area) & writing
(if right handed, then left hemisphere is dominant etc.)
3. Intellectual functioning, thought processes, reasoning & memory
27
functions of parietal robe
receives and interprets sensations, including pain, touch, pressure, size and
shape and body-part awareness (proprioception)
28
functions of occipital lobe
understanding visual images and meaning of written words
29
functions of temporal lobe
Understanding the spoken word (Wernicke’s - understanding), sounds as well as memory and emotion
30
what is white matter made of
bundles of millions of axons which are coated with myelin
31
what is grey matter made of
neuronal cell bodies known as soma
there are no myelin sheaths
32
describe locations of white and grey matter
grey matter makes up the outer most layer of the brain whereas white matter makes up the deep parts of the brain
33
give 3 grey matter structures
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. basal ganglia
34
give 3 grey matter structures
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. basal ganglia
35
function of the thalamus
relay centre
processes info from senses and sends inputs to cerebral cortex for interpretation
36
function of the hypothalamus
links endocrine system to brain & involved in homeostasis
37
what is basal ganglia
a group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement.
38
what does basal ganglia consist of
- the Caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
39
function of basal ganglia
motor control, cognition & non-motor behaviour
40
function of cerebellum
Involved in the coordination of voluntary motor movement, balance,
equilibrium & muscle tone
41
location of cerebellum
Lies over the dorsal surface of the brain stem and attached to it by 3
peduncles:
* Superior - to midbrain
* Middle - pons
* Inferior - medulla
42
how is the cerebellum separated from the dorsal brainstem
by the 4th (IV) ventricle which forms part of its roof
43
what is the cerebellum made up of
folded cortex, white matter & deep inner nuclei
44
what do cerebellum injuries result in
movements that are slow and uncoordinated
45
what causes asynergia
loss of coordination of motor movement
46
what causes intention tremor
movement tremors
47
what causes hypotonia
weak muscles
48
what causes nystagmus
abnormal eye movements
49
functions of the brainstem (5)
- Special senses
- Sensory & motor for head & neck via cranial nerves
- Autonomic regulation of the body
- Regulates consciousness
- Pathway between brain & spinal cord
50
what is the midbrain made of
tectum
and
cerebral penduncle
51
what does the midbrain surround
the cerebral aqueduct
52
what is the pons a bridge to
the cerebellum
53
what is the medulla oblongata continuous with
the spinal cord
54
how many types of specialised cell does the CNS contain
2
55
what are the 2 types of specialised cell in the CNS
1. nerve cell or neurones
2. neuroglia
56
examples of nerve cells
e.g. pyramidal, stellate, Golgi, Purkinje
57
examples of neuroglia
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes & Microglia
58
which cells myelinate axons in the brain (CNS)
oligodendrocytes
59
which cells myelinate axons in the rest of the body (PNS)
Schwann cells
60
functions of sulci and gyri (3)
1. Folding of the cerebral cortex results in the formation of gyri and sulci,
2. These folding segregate brain areas and enhance the surface area and cognitive abilities of the brain.
3. Gyri and sulci establish borders within and between the brain's lobes, dividing them into two halves.
61
what is the neocortex
the largest part of the cerebral cortex
is the part of the human brain’s cerebral cortex where higher cognitive functioning is thought to originate from
the 4 lobes make it up
62
how many layers are there in the neocortex
6
63
what are the layers of the neocortex
1. Molecular later: contains a very small number of neurons,
2. External granular layer,
3. External pyramidal layer,
4. Internal granular layer,
5. Internal pyramidal layer,
6. Fusiform or multiform layer.
64
what are meninges
refer to the membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
65
what are the 3 layers of meninges
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater.
66
2 major functions of meninges
1. Provide a supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature.
2. Acting with cerebrospinal fluid to protect the CNS from mechanical damage.
67
common neuro medical conditions
mental illness
dementia
stroke
diabetes
pain
