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neuro lectures > neuro 1 > Flashcards

neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

major divisions of CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

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3
Q

what is brain also known as

A

encephalon

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4
Q

3 units of the brain

A
  1. forebrain
  2. midbrain
  3. hindbrain
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5
Q

where does the spinal cord attach to the brain

A

at the upper part of the hindbrain

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6
Q

what 2 parts make up the forebrain

A
  1. telencephalon
  2. diencephalon
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7
Q

what is forebrain also known as

A

prosencephalon

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8
Q

what is hindbrain also known as

A

rhombencephalon

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9
Q

what is midbrain also known as

A

mesencephalon

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10
Q

what is coronal plane

A

vertical/frontal - parallel with coronal suture of skull

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11
Q

what is saggital plane

A

parallel with the sagittal suture

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12
Q

what is ipsilateral

A

same side

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13
Q

what is contralateral

A

opposite side

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14
Q

what is medial

A

towards midline

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15
Q

what is median

A

at midline

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16
Q

what is lateral

A

away from midline

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17
Q

what is rostral

A

towards the nose (anterior)

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18
Q

what is caudal

A

towards tail (posterior)

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19
Q

what is dorsal in the brainstem and cord

A

posterior

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20
Q

what is ventral in the brainstem and cord

A

anterior

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21
Q

what is dorsal in cerebrum

A

superior

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22
Q

what is ventral in cerebrum

A

inferior

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23
Q

what is a sulsus (sulsi)

A

a groove in the cerebral cortex

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24
Q

what is a gyrus (gyri)

A

a ridge on the surface of the brain

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25
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
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26
Q

functions of frontal lobe (3)

A
  1. Voluntary movement on opposite side of body
  2. Frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere controls speech (Broca’s area) & writing
    (if right handed, then left hemisphere is dominant etc.)
  3. Intellectual functioning, thought processes, reasoning & memory
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27
Q

functions of parietal robe

A

receives and interprets sensations, including pain, touch, pressure, size and
shape and body-part awareness (proprioception)

28
Q

functions of occipital lobe

A

understanding visual images and meaning of written words

29
Q

functions of temporal lobe

A

Understanding the spoken word (Wernicke’s - understanding), sounds as well as memory and emotion

30
Q

what is white matter made of

A

bundles of millions of axons which are coated with myelin

31
Q

what is grey matter made of

A

neuronal cell bodies known as soma
there are no myelin sheaths

32
Q

describe locations of white and grey matter

A

grey matter makes up the outer most layer of the brain whereas white matter makes up the deep parts of the brain

33
Q

give 3 grey matter structures

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. basal ganglia
34
Q

give 3 grey matter structures

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. basal ganglia
35
Q

function of the thalamus

A

relay centre
processes info from senses and sends inputs to cerebral cortex for interpretation

36
Q

function of the hypothalamus

A

links endocrine system to brain & involved in homeostasis

37
Q

what is basal ganglia

A

a group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement.

38
Q

what does basal ganglia consist of

A
  • the Caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
39
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

motor control, cognition & non-motor behaviour

40
Q

function of cerebellum

A

Involved in the coordination of voluntary motor movement, balance,
equilibrium & muscle tone

41
Q

location of cerebellum

A

Lies over the dorsal surface of the brain stem and attached to it by 3
peduncles:
* Superior - to midbrain
* Middle - pons
* Inferior - medulla

42
Q

how is the cerebellum separated from the dorsal brainstem

A

by the 4th (IV) ventricle which forms part of its roof

43
Q

what is the cerebellum made up of

A

folded cortex, white matter & deep inner nuclei

44
Q

what do cerebellum injuries result in

A

movements that are slow and uncoordinated

45
Q

what causes asynergia

A

loss of coordination of motor movement

46
Q

what causes intention tremor

A

movement tremors

47
Q

what causes hypotonia

A

weak muscles

48
Q

what causes nystagmus

A

abnormal eye movements

49
Q

functions of the brainstem (5)

A
  • Special senses
  • Sensory & motor for head & neck via cranial nerves
  • Autonomic regulation of the body
  • Regulates consciousness
  • Pathway between brain & spinal cord
50
Q

what is the midbrain made of

A

tectum
and
cerebral penduncle

51
Q

what does the midbrain surround

A

the cerebral aqueduct

52
Q

what is the pons a bridge to

A

the cerebellum

53
Q

what is the medulla oblongata continuous with

A

the spinal cord

54
Q

how many types of specialised cell does the CNS contain

A

2

55
Q

what are the 2 types of specialised cell in the CNS

A
  1. nerve cell or neurones
  2. neuroglia
56
Q

examples of nerve cells

A

e.g. pyramidal, stellate, Golgi, Purkinje

57
Q

examples of neuroglia

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes & Microglia

58
Q

which cells myelinate axons in the brain (CNS)

A

oligodendrocytes

59
Q

which cells myelinate axons in the rest of the body (PNS)

A

Schwann cells

60
Q

functions of sulci and gyri (3)

A
  1. Folding of the cerebral cortex results in the formation of gyri and sulci,
  2. These folding segregate brain areas and enhance the surface area and cognitive abilities of the brain.
  3. Gyri and sulci establish borders within and between the brain’s lobes, dividing them into two halves.
61
Q

what is the neocortex

A

the largest part of the cerebral cortex

is the part of the human brain’s cerebral cortex where higher cognitive functioning is thought to originate from

the 4 lobes make it up

62
Q

how many layers are there in the neocortex

A

6

63
Q

what are the layers of the neocortex

A
  1. Molecular later: contains a very small number of neurons,
  2. External granular layer,
  3. External pyramidal layer,
  4. Internal granular layer,
  5. Internal pyramidal layer,
  6. Fusiform or multiform layer.
64
Q

what are meninges

A

refer to the membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord.

65
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater.
66
Q

2 major functions of meninges

A
  1. Provide a supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature.
  2. Acting with cerebrospinal fluid to protect the CNS from mechanical damage.
67
Q

common neuro medical conditions

A

mental illness
dementia
stroke
diabetes
pain

neuro lectures (15 decks)

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