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Basic Human Pathology 2 > Peripheral Nerves and Skeletal Muscles > Flashcards

Peripheral Nerves and Skeletal Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what do afferent nerves do

A

relaying sensation away from the body towards the CNS

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2
Q

what do efferent nerves do

A

send out commands from the CNS to the body

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3
Q

what does the epineurium do

A

enclose the entire nerve

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4
Q

what does the perineurium do

A

groups subsets of axons into fascicles

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5
Q

what does the endoneurium do

A

surrounds individual nerve fibers

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6
Q

what do Schwann cells do

A

produce myelin sheath

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7
Q

what are nodes of Ranvier

A

unmyelinated gaps

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8
Q

what is Wallerian degeneration

A

when axons degenerate over time - leads to a slow onset and reduces signal strength

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9
Q

what is a traumatic neuroma

A

pseudo tumor produced when stumps of a severed nerve begin to proliferate

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10
Q

which two things can cause a neuronopathy (destruction of neurons)

A

infections
toxins

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11
Q

what is Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

demyelinating of the peripheral nerves caused by some kind of virus

leads to ascending paralysis which can affect the respiratory system

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12
Q

what is the most common chronic acquired inflammatory peripheral neuropathy

A

chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

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13
Q

what is chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

A

condition that affects nerves and their roots

is not caused by a virus

responds to steroids

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14
Q

in which condition would you see an “onion bulb”

A

chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

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15
Q

what is an “onion bulb”

A

area of demyelination and remyelination seen in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

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16
Q

what is vasculitis

A

noninfectious inflammation of blood vessels that can damage peripheral nerves

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17
Q

what is the other name for Leprosy

A

Hansen disease

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18
Q

how are nerves affected in Lyme disease

A

facial nerve palsies

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19
Q

which type of nerve is most affected in those with HIV/AIDS

A

peripheral

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20
Q

what is the Varicella-Zoster Virus (shingles)

A

activation of latent chickenpox virus

causes degeneration of the axons of the peripheral nerves

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21
Q

which two nerves are most commonly involved in the Varicella-Zoster Virus (shingles)

A

1.) thoracic
2.) trigeminal

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22
Q

what is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy

A

diabetes

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23
Q

what are the two most common factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A

1.) atherosclerosis of vessels
2.) destruction of peripheral nerves

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24
Q

20-40% of those with diabetic peripheral neuropathy can also have which four conditions of the autonomic nervous system

A

1.) postural hypotension
2.) difficulty emptying bladder
3.) sexual dysfunction
4.) lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy

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25
Q

what is Myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disease associated with autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors

causes double vision and affects the respiratory system

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26
Q

which gender is more affect by Myasthenia gravis

A

females 2:1

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27
Q

what additional condition is associated with Myasthenia gravis

A

thymic abnormalities (enlarged)

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28
Q

what is Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

A

autoimmune disorder where antibodies block acetylcholine release by inhibiting a presynaptic calcium channel

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29
Q

50% of those with Lamber-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome also have what

A

an underlying malignancy like small cell neuroendocrine tumor of the lung

30
Q

what is Botulism

A

disease caused by exposure to Botox

blocks release of acetylcholine

31
Q

which disease can young children get from ingesting honey

A

Botulism

32
Q

what is the organization of the skeletal muscle from largest to smallest

A

muscle
fascicle
fiber
sarcolemma
myofibrils

33
Q

what is a myofibril

A

contractile unit of muscle

34
Q

what is myosin

A

creates thick filament contractile proteins

35
Q

what is actin

A

creates thin filament contractile proteins

36
Q

which type of muscle fiber is a slow twitch

A

type 1

37
Q

which type of muscle fiber is a fast twitch

A

type 2

38
Q

what is a neurogenic injury

A

injury that causes disruption of muscle innervation

leads to fiber atrophy, giving them a flattened, angular shape

39
Q

what are the three morphologic changes of a myopathic injury

A

1.) segmental myofiber degeneration and regeneration
2.) myofiber hypertrophy
3.) cytoplasmic inclusions

40
Q

what is dermatomyositis

A

autoimmune inflammatory myopathy that affects the skin and skeletal muscles

leads to discoloration of the skin, nail folds, eyelids, and gums

41
Q

what is seen histologically in dermatomyositis

A

myofiber atrophy at the edges of the fascicles (perifascicular atrophy)

42
Q

what is seen histologically in inclusion body myositis

A

rimmed vacuoles

43
Q

what is the most common inflammatory myopathy in patients over 65 years of age

A

inclusion body myostitis

44
Q

what is seen histologically in polymyositis

A

necrotic, regenerating, and atrophic myofibers in a patchy distribution

45
Q

what are the three main types of inflammatory myopathies

A

1.) dermatomyositis
2.) inclusion body myositis
3.) polymyositis

46
Q

what is the most common cause of a drug myopathy

A

cholesterol lowering drugs like statins

47
Q

which type of toxic myopathy is seen with corticosteroid therapy

A

ICU myopathy (myosin deficient myopathy)

48
Q

the most common muscular dystrophies are _____

A

X-linked

49
Q

what is the most common type of muscular dystrophy

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

50
Q

what is the main cause of muscular dystrophy

A

lack of the structural protein dystrophin

51
Q

what is the second most common type of muscular dystrophy

A

Becker muscular dystrophy

52
Q

what is myotonic dystrophy

A

multi system genetic disorder associated with muscle weakness, cataracts, and cardiomyopathy

53
Q

where do peripheral nerve sheath tumors come from

A

Schwann cells

54
Q

what is a schwannoma

A

benign tumor of the Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves

55
Q

what are the three histologic hallmarks of a schwannoma

A

1.) Antoni A
2.) verocay bodies
3.) Antoni B

56
Q

what is an Antoni A

A

dense eosinophilic area within a schwannoma

57
Q

what is a verocay body

A

nuclear-free zones within a schwannoma

58
Q

what is an Antoni B

A

hypocellular area with myxoid extracellular matrix seen in a schwannoma

59
Q

schwannomas of the cranium (acoustic neuroma) most commonly affects which nerve

A

vestibular branch of the eighth nerve

60
Q

what is a schwannoma of the cranium called

A

acoustic neuroma

61
Q

what is a superficial cutaneous neurofibroma

A

small unencapsulated nodules that arise in the dermis and fat

62
Q

what are diffuse neurofibromas

A

large, plaque like lesions of the skin

63
Q

what are plexiform neurofibromas

A

associated with nerve roots or large nerves

resemble a bag of worms as they grow and entrap axons

64
Q

what is most commonly seen histologically in a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)

A

arrangement of spindle cells

65
Q

neurofibromatosis type 1 is caused by a genetic alteration of which chromosome

A

17

66
Q

neurofibromatosis type 2 is caused by a genetic alteration of which chromosome

A

22

67
Q

which three conditions are associated with neurofibromatosis type 1

A

1.) cafe au lait spots
2.) cutaneous neurofibromas
3.) Lisch nodules

68
Q

what is a lisch nodule

A

melanocytic hamartoma projecting from the surface of the iris

69
Q

lisch nodules are seen in which condition

A

neurofibromatosis type 1

70
Q

which two conditions are often associated with neurofibromatosis type 2

A

1.) acoustic neuromas
2.) vestibular schwannomas

Basic Human Pathology 2 (14 decks)

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